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THE WORK OF STUDENTS 

IN THE COURSES IN THE ^/ . ^ y. g' 

History of the United States. 

HISTORY 13, 17 and 20 (d). 

TO BE GIVEN AT HARVARD COLLEGE IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 

1889-90. 



CAMBRIDGE: 

William H. Wheeler, Printer, 

i88g. 



I i i ■{ I- 






COPYRIGHT, 1889. 
BY Albert Bushnell Hart. 



L L 
e319Al 
MAY 18 1942 1 



^^^(^-oo(,7^3 



WORK OF STUDENTS. 



§ 1. Work of Students :— Summary. 

The work of the students in History 13 (Constitutional and Polit- 
ical History of the United States, 1 783-1861), and in History 17 
(General History of the United States), for the Academic year 1887- 
88, will be carried on in four different forms. 

1. Attendance on lectures and taking notes : See §§ j-8. 

2. Historical geography : See § g. 

3. Reading: See§§ ig-2y. 

4. Preparation of "special reports:" wSee §§ ig-2'j. 

In addition students will be required to memorize a very few im- 
portant things (§ 28^ ; there will be occasional written exercises 
(§ 2g) : Students will be allowed to prepare brief accounts of current 
topics, to be read in class (§ jo) ; and there will be occasional hour 
examinations ; and a written examination at the end of each half year 

Khh 34-40) • 

In History 20 (d) (Special advanced study and research — Topics 
in American History) the work will have two parts. 

1. Discussions on the use of.historical sources. 

2. Preparation of a thesis on a limited subject, with a bibliography 
of the subject : See §§ 31-33- 

§ 2. Work of Students :— Time. 

Students will be expected to devote to the work of any one of the 
courses at least one-fourth of the time spent in study by industrious 
men : more will not be demanded, though it may profitably be spent. 
The special report work is meant to occupy about one-fourth of the 
time put upon the course ; the remainder should be devoted to read- 
ing. In History 20 (d) the preparation of the thesis will occupy 
the greater part of the year. 



A Lectures and Note-taking. 

§ 3. Lectures :— Summary. 

The lectures are not intended to give a continuous narrative, nor to 
present detailed statements of f^cts, save in cases where information 
in books is scanty or inaccessible. The lectures are intended to 
show the relations between facts, to point out causes and effects, and 
to develop principles. Every student will be expected to take his 
own notes, and to supply facts from his reading. The lectures will 
be illustrated by special maps and charts. 

§ 4. Lectures : — Attendance. 

The following is the rule of the Faculty regarding attendance: 
"Every student is required to satisfy the instructor in each of his 
courses of study, in such way as the instructor may determine, that 
he is performing the work of the course in a systematic manner. In 
structors will provide suitable tests (either for all or for a part of 
their students), with sufficient frequency to give effect to this regula- 
tion, and will report at once to the Dean the names of any students 
who have not satisfied them that they are doing their work systemat- 
ically." 

Irregular attendance creates a presumption that the student is neg- 
lecting his work, and throws upon him the burden of proving the 
contrary. 

§ 5. Lectures : — Suggestions for taking notes. 

1. Have a regular system. 

2. If you have worked out a system of YOUR own which satisfies 
you, do not change it. 

3. Shorthand is not a great convenience, unless the notes are 
afterwards put into a form which may be read b}^ any one. 

4. A system of recognizable abbreviations is desirable. 

5. Take notes all the time during the lecture. 

6. A word-for-word reproduction of what you hear is much less 
valuable to you than your own condensed form, embodying 
the lecturer's ideas. 

7. Distinguish in your own mind the heads of the lecture, as 
it proceeds, and paragraph your notes accordingly. 



Siig'g'esiiotis for taking Notes. 5 

8. Aim to set down the substance of general statements, in 
your own words, rather than to note a part of each sentence. 

9. Practise getting the exact words of significant phrases or 
quotations. 

10. If you miss something important, ask to have it repeated. 

11. If you lose a lecture, fill up the blank immediately, tVom the 
note-book of a fellow student. 

12. After each lecture, go over your notes, and clearly iNDicaTE 
the heads : («) by catch words in the margin ; or (<5) by under- 
lining words. 

13. Once a week review the notes taken since the previous review. 

14. Make out a brief table of contents, as you go along, refer- 
ring to pages of your note-book. 

[For courses, in any subject, made up chiefly of lectures with par- 
allel readings, the following specific system is recommended.] 

1. Use a note-book ruled in three vertical columns: a narrow one 
next the outer edge : about two-thirds of the width in a middle 
column : about one-fourth in an inner column. Let there be a 
broad horizontal line an inch or more from the top. 

2. Enter your notes in the middle column ; dates and heading 
(if desired) in the outer column. » 

3. Do not rewrite the notes taken in class. 

4. Enter abstracts or quotations from your later readings in the 
inner column, each opposite the passage in the notes which it is 
meant to illustrate. 

5. Across the top of the page write a running heading in two, 
three, or four members, summarizing the matter on the page; 
e. ^., "Methods : — Lectures ; — Note-Taking." 

6. Begin to write on the right side of- the opened book, and begin 
EACH distinct general head on a new leaf. 

7. Each leaf being thus complete in itself may at any time be 
detached and used in another connection ; or others may be in- 
terleaved, without disturbing the logical connection. 

8. Copy or reproduce tables, diagrams, or maps before the suc- 
ceeding lecture. 



6 Lectures in History ij {i^g2-i28g). 

§ 6. List of Lectures : — History 13. 

[_The references are to ^aragrafhs of the Outline^ edition of 
i888-8g.'\ 

§ Qa. Introduction [7 Lectures]. 

1. Methods of the course: §§ i-8. 

2. Authorities and their use : §§ 9-i7' 

3. Preliminary conceptions : §§ 18-24. 

4. (1492-1885) The territory of the United States: §§ 25, 92-94. 

239-244, 304, 464, 476-478, 489-490. 

5. (1606-1885) The people of the United States: §§ 26, 95, 117, 

308,371, 552-553. 618. 

6. ( -1750) English institutions : §§ 27-30. 

7. (1606-1750) Colonial institutions: §§ 31-33. 

§ Qb. (1750-1789) G-enesis of the Constitution [12 Lectures] 

(1775-1781.) Eevolutionary government (2 Lectures). 

8. (1750-1781) Origin of the Union: §§34-38. 

9. (1750-1783) Origin of independence: §§ 39-43. 

(1781-1787.) The Confederation [5 Lectures]. 
<> 

10. (1776-1781) Formation of the Articles of Confederation : §§ 44- 

48. 

11. (1781-1789) Territorial questions :§§ 49-54, 62. 

12. (1781-1786) Finances of the Confederation :§§ 55-63. 

13. (1781-1788) The States: §§ 66-69. 

14. (1783-1787) Foreign relations and failure of the Confedera- 

tion : §§ 70-74. 

(1787-1789.) Formation of the Constitution [5 Lectures]. 

15. (1787-1787) The Federal Convention : §§ 75-80. 

16. (1787-1760) Ratification of the Constitution : §§ 84-89. 

ly. The form and scope of the Constitution : §§ 81-83. 

18. State-rights theory of the Constitution: §§ 87-89. 

IQ. National theory of the Constitution : §§ 90. 



Lect?ires in History jj {lySg-lSo'/) . 



%Gc. (1789 1829.) 



Consolidation of the Union [26 Lec- 
tures.] 



20. 



21. (1789-1887 



22. (1789-1887 



23. (1789-1887 



24. (1789-1887 



25. (1789-1S11 



26. 

27. 
28. 

29. 

30- 
31- 
32. 

33- 



(1789-1801.) Organization of the Government [13 Lectures]. 

(1789 ) Social, economic and political condition of the 

United States; §§ 96-99, it8. 

Organization of Congress ; constitutional questions 
of elections, rights and duties of members, proce- 
dure, and powers: §§ 100-103. 
Organization of the executive department ; con- 
stitutional questions of election, departments and 
appointments: §§ 104-105, 364-365. 
Organization of a financial S3''stem ; constitutional 
questions of revenue, taxation, expenditure, appro- 
priations and debt: §§ 107-112. 
Organization of a commercial system ; constitu- 
tional questions of external and internal regulation, 
shipping and protection: §§ 113-116. 
The National Bank ; constitutional questions of 
implied and resulting powers: §§ 114-129. 
Slavery as a local institution : §§ 130-134. 
National questions relating to slavery : §§ 135-140. 
System of parties and party government: §§141- 

H3- 

Rise of political parties and political leaders : §§ 
144-148. 

Washington's foreign policy ; constitutional ques- 
tions of neutrality and treaty power: §§ 149-155. 
Adams's administration; downfall of the Federal- 
ists : §§ 156-159, 171-176. 

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions ; constitutional 
questions of the arbiter and the remody for usur- 
pation : §§ 160-165, 170. 

(1801-1815) Foreign Complications. [7 Lectures.] 
(1801-1805) Republican policy; constitutional question of the 
judiciary :§§ 171-177,181. 



(1619-1804 
(1787-1808 



(1789-1793 
(1793-1797 
(1797-1801 
( 1 798-1800 



8 Lectures in History IJ {1801-1833). 

34. (1800-1803) Annexation of Louisiana ; constitutional questions 

of annexation and control of territory : §§ 182-188, 
121, 123. 

35. (1801-1807) Opposition to the administration, and Burr con- 

spiracy ; constitutional questions of habeas corpus 
and treason : §§ 164, 196, 198, 200, 203. 205-206. 

36. (1805-1809) Jefferson's foreign policy; constitutional questions 

of neutral trade and embargo: §§ 207-214. 

37. (1806-1812) Madison's foreign policy; causes of the war of 

1812 : §§ 215-220. 

38. (1812-1815) War of 1812 ; constitutional question of war 

powers ; §§ 119, 223, 225, 229-231. 

39. (1812-1815) Opposition to the war ; constitutional questions of 

the militia and of obligations of states : §§ 226-228. 

(1815-1829) Consolidation. [6 Lectures.] 

40. (1815-1821) "Era of good feeling :" financial and commercial 

reorganization; §§ 232, 233, 237-238, 244. 

41. (1808-1820) Slavery as a sectional question: §§ 249-250. 

42. (1819-1821) The Missouri Compromise; constitutional ques- 

tions of territorial powers and admission of states : 
§§ 251, 255-561. 

43. ('1793-1829) The Judiciary and constitutional decisions ; con- 

stitutional questions of judicial powers, appeal 
and contracts: §§ 265-267. 

44. (1789-1823) The Monroe doctrine: §§ 270, 271-278. 

45. (1825-1829) John Qiiincy Adams's administration ; elements of 

party division: §§ 281-283, 285, 290-292. 

%Qd. (1829-1831.) Period of the Slavery Contest. [38 Lec- 
tures.] 

(1829-1841) Administrative and economic questions. [11 Lectures.] 

46. (1830) The United States in 1830: §§ 304-314. 

47. (1829-1837) Personal elements of Jackson's administration: 

§§ 315-316, 325-328. 

48. (1789-1887) Removals; constitutional principles of tenure and 

removal and civil service reform: §§ 178, 359 
366-370. 



Led tires in History IJ {l8j2-l8^o). 



1789-1S87 



1820-1833 



1819-1832 
1828-1833 

1789-1889 



1789-1889 
1835-1841 

1826-1841 

L823-1830) 

1829-1861 

1829-1861 

1831-1841 
1831-1842 



1820-1850 
1820-1850 

a841-1853) 
1783-1846 

(1841-1846 

1846-1848 
846-1849 
1848-1850 



Indian policy of the United States ; constitutional 
question of jurisdiction over Indians: §§ 120, 
286, 372-378. 

Jackson's war with the Bank; constitutional ques- 
tions of the veto power, censure and expunging : 
§§ 234,390-391, 400, 402-406. 
Tariff legislation : §§ 235, 279-280, 289. 
Nullification; constitutional questions of the com- 
pact, nullification and coercion: §§ 346-355. 
Internal improvements ; constitutional question of 
derivation of the power: §§ 189-193, 236, 287-288, 
386-389. 

Public lands: §§ 122, 379-385. 

Deposits and distribution ; constitutional question 
of the surplus : §§ 411-415,417-419. 
Foreign policy, and independence of Texas : 
§§ 334-340- 

Elemants of the slavery contest [6 Lectures]. 
Negro slavery described: §§ 133, 553. 
Political elements of the slavery conflict: §§ 431- 

436, 559' 561- 

Rise of the abolitionists: §§ 429, 437-444. 

Abolition question betbre Congress ; constitutional 

questions of the right of petition, free speech and 

press: §§ 430, 445-449. 

International status of slavery : §§ 469-475, 570. 

Interstate status of slavery : §§ 510-514. 

Territorial questions [7 Lectures]. 

Northeastern and northwestern boundaries : § § 

463-465- 

The annexation of Texas; constitutional question 

of the mode of annexation : 464, 480-484. 
The Mexican War: §§ 467, 491-493, 468. 
The question of territorial slavery: §§ 502-509. 
Political crisis and Compromise of r850 : §§ 516- 
518, 539-544- 



lO Lectures in History 13 {iSsO'iSSj). 

68. (1850) Discussion of the Compromise : §§ 545-549. 

69. (1850-1853) Effects of the Compromise: §§ 535-538,550. 

(1853-1860) Renewal of the slavery conflict (8 Lectures), 

70. (1853-1860) The arguments for and against slavery : §§551- 

555' 560. 

71. (1850-1860) Fugitive slaves : §§ 580,585-590. 

72. (1854) Kansas-Nebraska bill : §§ 581,591-596. 

73. (1054-1861) The struggle for Kansas :§§ 582, 597-604. 

74. (1854-1860) The rise of the Republican party : §§ 563-568, 570. 

75. (1856-1859) Dred Scott decision ; constitutional question of the 

effect of a decision by the Supreme Court : §§ 583, 
605-610, 

76. (1846-J857) Mormon troubles ; constitutional questions of terri- 

torial government and religious freedom : §§573- 

576. 

77. (1854-1860) John Brown's insurrection : §§ 584, 611-615. 

(1860-1861) Secession [6 Lectures]. 

78. (i860) The two sections in i860 : §§ 616-622. 

79. (1840-1860) Causes of secession : §§ 624,632-634. 

80. (1789-1861) Theory and threats of secession : §§637,640-645. 

81. (1860-1861) Progress of secession : §§ 631, 646-650, 662-664. 

82. (i86o-i86t) Attempts to compromise : §§651-657. 

83. (1860-1861) Question of coercion ; constitutional question of 

suppressing rebellion: §§ 658-661,665-669. 

§ 6 e. (1861-1887.) Period of Reconstruction and reunion. 
[7 Lectures.] 

84. (1861-1867) Abolition of slavery : § 673. 

85. (1861-1865) Government of the United States; constitu- 

tional question of war powers : §§ 674-677. 

86. (1861-1865) Government of the Confederate States of 

America : §§ 678-681. 

87. (1865-1877) Reconstruction: constitutional questions of the 

guaranty of republican government and of civil 
rights: §§ 682-686. 

88. (1861-1887) Application of the Monroe doctrine; canal and 

fishery questions : §§ 687-690. 



Lectures in History 77 {I4g2-i82g). II 

39. (1865-1885) The government of the States: §§691-693. 

^o. (1865-1885) Local government in the United States: §§ 694. 

§ 7. List of Lectures : — in History 17. 

%1 a Introduction. [7 Lectures] . 

1. Methods of the course: §§ 1-8. 

2. Authorities and their use : §§ 9-17. 

3. Preliminary conceptions : §^ 18-24. 

4. (1492-1885) The territory of the United States: §§ 25, 92, 

94, 239-244, 304. 
1606-1885) The people of the United States: §§ 26, 95, 117, 
308. 371. 552, 618. 

6. ( -1750) English institutions : §§ 27-30. 

7. (1606-1750) Colonial institutions :§§ 31-33. 

§ 7 (5. (1750-1789.) Genesis of the Constitution. [5 Lec- 
tures.] 

1750-1781) Origin of the Union: §§34-38. 

1750-1781) Origin of independence : §§ 39-43. 

1776-1787) The Articles of Confederation: §§ 44-47, 54, 

58,74- 
1787-1789) The Constitutional Convention : §§ 76-80, 84-85. 

(1789) Nature of the Constitution: §§ 81-83, 86, 88-91. 

§ 7 c. (1789-1829.) Period of Federation. [10 Lectures.] 

1789-1793) Political organization of the government : §§98, 

100-106. 
1786-1793) Financial and commercial organization: §§ 108, 

III, 113-114, 116, 127-128. 
1793-1801) Foreign policy of the Federals: §§ 149-155, 

159, 171, 174-175. 
1801-1805) Political polic}' of the Republicans : §§ 177, 180, 

183-185. 
1805-1811) Causes of the War of 1812 : §§ 207-210,. 217. 
1812-1815) Warof 1812 and its effects : §§ 222-225, 231-232. 
1619-1819) Slaver}^ in North America : §§ 130-135, 134, 

247-250. 



12 Lectures i?i History ly {j82g-i86i). 

20. (1793-1819) Slavery as a national question: §§ 135-139, 
246-248. 
1818-1821) Missouri compromise : §§ 251-259. 
1809-1823) Monroe doctrine : .§§ 270, 271-274, 275-278. 

7 d. (1829-1861.) Period of the Slavery contest. [18 
Lectures.] 

1829-1841) Personal elements of Jackson's and Van Buren's 
administrations: §§ 315-316,325-328. 

1789-1889) Appointments ana removals : §§ 359,364-370. 

1789-1889) Indian policy of the United States: §§ 120, 286, 
372-378. 

1829-1841) Jackson's war with the Bank, and the surplus: 

S§ 390-395- 
1789-1889) Tariff legislation and nullification: §§ 116,235, 

279, 280, 289,425, 342-343, 357, 495, 496, 578. 
1786-1889) Public lands and internal improvements: §§ 379- 

389. 
1829-1861) Negro slaverj^ described: §§ 133, 553. 
1831-1841) The abolition movement: 429-431, 440, 442- 

443.447-448- 
1829-1854) International and interstate slavery: §§ 462, 

499' 570- 
1841-1848) Annexation of Texas, and Mexican War: §§ 464, 

466-468. 
1846-1846) Territorial slavery: §§ 501-509. 
1849-1853) Compromise of 1850: §§ 535, 537. 

) Arguments for and against slavery : §§ 133, 

55I' 555' 560. 
1850-1860) Fugitive slaves and John Brown insurrection : §§ 

580, 584, 587-590. 
1853-1860) The Kansas struggle: §§ 581, 593, 595, 582, 

599-601. 
1830-1860) Causes of secession : 624, 632-634. 
1860-1861) Progress of secession : §§ 631,646-650, 662-664. 
i869-i86[) Questions of compromise and coercion: §§ 652- 

657, 660, 661, 662. 



Lectures in History 20 (d). 13 

(7 e.) (1861-1885.) Period of reconstruction and reunion. 

[5 Lectures.] 

41. (1861-1867) Abolition of slavery : § 673. 

42. (1861-1865) Government of the United States during the war; 

§§ 674-677. 

43. (1861-1865) Government of the Confederate ^States during the 

war: §§ 678-681. 

44. (1865-1877) Reconstruction: §§682-686. 

45. (1865-1887) State and municipal governments : §§691-694. 

§ 8. Lectures : — in History 20 (d) . 

In this course, the subjects for lectures have previously been 
chosen by agreement between each student and the instructor : it has 
been usual, iiowever, to select by common consent the same general 
period, and to arrange a series of topics relating to it. so that the lec- 
tures may torm a sequence. The students then prepared themselves, 
each to occupy at least two exercises with his lecture. The class 
met twice a week in the Library, if there was material ready. In 
the academic year 1887-88, the general subject was the civil history 
of the United States from 1861 to 1888. The following was the pro- 
gramme : 

I. Introductory lectures by Prof. Emerton, Asst. Prof. Channing, 
and Asst. Prof. Hart, on methods of stud}', sources of history, and 
bibliographical aids. 

II. Regular lectures by students. 
I. (1860-1865) The civil government of the United States. 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 



9 
10 

II 



(1861-1865) The civil government of the Confederate States. 
(1865-1877) Reconstruction. 
(1865-1885) Political parties. 
(1865-1885) Foreign relations. 
(1865-1885) Social questions. 

(1865-1885) Qiiestions of State and local government. 
(1865-1884; Workings of the legislative department. 
(1865-1885) Workings of the executive department. 
(1865-1885) Workings of the judiciar}' department. 
Special bibliographical work. 
For the thesis subjects in connection with these lectures, see § 32. 



14 Historical Geography. — Reading. 

§ 9. Historical Geography : — Summary. 

An essential part of the work in all the courses will be a study of 
the historical geography of the United States; this will include a 
sketch of the ph3'sical characteristics of the country and their influ- 
ence on its history ; a general knowledge of the territorial growth of 
the United States, and of its more important subdivisions ; and an 
understanding of the relations between the slavery questuon and geog- 
raphy. The data will be furnished in lectures, illustrated by maps ; 
and in special maps reproduced and distributed, or copied by students 
upon blank outlines. The things to be remembered are few and 
simple ; but they are very important, and no student will be passed 
in any of the courses if he fail on the geographical questions in the 
examinations. 

§ 10. Reading : — Summary. 

No student can expect to understand or to profit by the courses 
without faithful parallel reading. This reading may be done in 
either of three ways. He may choose books at his discretion, and 
read according to his own judgment ; or he may read one reference 
under each paragraph of the Outline to which reference is made in the 
lectures; or he may choose groups out of the " General readings " 
given below. In History 20 (d) the reading is to be spent almost 
entirely on the student's thesis subject. 

§ 11. Reading: — Topical. 

In the instructor's opinion, the reading by topics, the connection 
being shown by the lectures, will give the clearest and most compre- 
hensive knowledge of the subject. The reference's in each para- 
graph are loosely arranged in the order of preference ; but any one 
reference ought to be sufficient to furnish the requisite facts on the 
topic. It is an excellent system to have a note book or leaves of 
loose sheets numbered in the order of the paragraphs, and to set 
down on each page or sheet, when the paragraph is reached, notes 
on what is said in the lectures ; and to fill in later with a brief sum- 
mary of tlie parallel reading.. 

§ 12. Reading : — General Readings. 

Owing to the difficulty of providing a sufficient number of copies of 
the important reference books on the History of the United States, an 



♦ General Readhii^s in History ij {lyjo-iySi). 15 

option will be given to the students in Histoiy 13 and 17. Instead of the 
references under each topic, they may, under each period, read one 
group of the following references. It is expected that the books 
mentioned in the group chosen will all be read, and will be read in 
the order in which they are set down. Students are urged to use as 
great a variety of books as possible. The groups under each period 
are arranged in the order of preference. The readings are roughly 
calculated at about forty pages for each lecture. The total number 
of pages in each group is shown by the figures in brackets at the 
end. Where a passage is set dozun ^''for alV it is to he read in ad- 
dition to the whole of one of the groups. 

§ 13. General Readings : — History 13. 

§ 13 rt'. (1750-1781.) Introduction.— Elements of United 

States History. [7 Lectures.] 

For all. 'Johiistons American Politics, 1-17 ; Von Hoist's Consti- 
tutional Law, 2-7; Cooley's. Constitutional Law, 6-8. [21^^-] 

1. Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in America, 41- 
92, 406-521 ; Narrative and Critical History of America, vii. 
215-231. [182/^.] 

2. Liidlozv's War of American Independence, 1-103 ; Lodge'' s 

Washington, 1. 1-153. [254//-] 

3. Frolhinghanis Rise of the Republic, 1-3 1, 403-558. [185 pp''\ 

4. Higginson's Larger History of the United States, 216-295 ; 
Story's Commentaries on the Constittition of the United States, 
I. §§146-217 ; Lodge's Short Llistory of the English Colonies in 
America, ^j6-i,i I. [200^^.] 

5. Morse's Franklin, 1-216. [215//.] 

6. Eliot's Manual of United States History, 156-179; Tucke7'^s 
History of the United States, i. 70-289. [242//.] 

7. Doyle's United States, 202-278; Morse's fohn Adams, 50-240. 
[260//.] 

8. Scudder's History of the United States, 161-243 ; Curtis'' History 
of the Constitution of the United States, i. 1-123. [200 _;^^.] 

9. Lecky's History of England in the Eighteenth Century {English 
ed.), II. 1-21, III. 267-304, 408-459, IV. 1-64, 90-104, 113-149, 
185-200,247-268. [264 _/>/•] 

10. Llosnier's Samuel Adams, 21-350. [329 _?^^-] 



J 5 General Readings in History ij {jy8i-jy8g). 

§13/^. (1750-1789.) Formation of the Constitution. [11 Lec- 
tures.] 

(1781-17^7.) The Confederation. [5 Lectures.] 
For all. VoikHolsfs Constitutional Lazu, ^-\^. [B^^.] 

1. Hildreth's liistory of the United States, in. 374-410, 425-440, 
445-481 ; Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United 
States, I. §§ 218-271 ; Frothinghani's Rise of the Republic, 569- 
586 ; Higginson's Larger History of the United States, 295-308 ; 
Narrative and Critical History of America^ vit. 215-231. 
[179^^.] 

2. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 75-100 ; 
Tucker's History of the United States, i. 291-347 ; Story's Com- 
mentaries on the Constitution of the United States, 1. §§ 218-271 ; 

Von Holsfs Constitutional History of the United States, i. 25- 

46. [144^/-] 

3. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, 1. 103- 

454- [350//-] 

4. Curtis' Hislorx of the Constitution of the United States, \. 124- 

397. [270^/.] 

5. Bancroft's History of the United States {last rev.), vi. 5-194; 
reprinted in Bancroft's History of the Constitution of the United 
States, I. 1-267 ' ''^^^ i" Bancroft's History of the Constitution of 
the United States {Student's ed.). [190//.] 

6. Morse's Franklin, 216-420; Sterne's Constitutional History, 1-26. 
[230^^.] 

(1787-1789) The Constitution. [4 Lectures.] 
For all. Von Hoist's Constitutional Laza, 15-32 : Bryces's American 
Commonwealth, 1. 12-34. [S^i^^-] 

1. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, i. 417- 
501 ; Voii Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, i. 
47-63 ; Krothingham's Rise of the Republic, 586-610; Narrative 
and Critical Histo?:^ of America, vii. 236-255. [144/^.] 

2. Schoulers History of the United States, i. 36-70; Story's 
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, i. §§ 272- 
372; Gav's Madison, d>^-i2'] . [164//.] 

3. Hildreth's History of the United States, 111. 482-546 ; Tucker's 
History of the United States, i. 347-383 ; Lodge's Hamilton, 
53-70; Gay's Madison, Qd>-i2'] ; Poineroy's Cotistitutioiial Law, 
a 74-81. [t6oj^/.] 



General Readings in History 13 {iy8g-i8i§). \>i 

4. Bancroft'' s History of the United States {last rev.), vi. 195- 
462 ; reprinted in Bancroft's History of the Constitution of the 
United States, i. 267-278; 11. 1-97, 119-350; and in Bati- 
croffs History of the Constitution of the United States (St?i- 
denfs ed.). [310//.] 

5. Curtis' History of the Constitution of the United States, ri. 

232-604. [370 i^i^-] 

6. Curtis' Constitutional History of the United States ; 
Lodges' Washington, 11. 1-46. [ /'/•] 

§ 13 c. (1789-1829.) Consolidationof the Union. [26 Lec- 
tures.] 

(1789-1801.) Organization of the government [13 Lectures.] 

For all. fohnston's American Politics, 18-51. [33^^-] 

1. Lodge's Hamilton, 84-284; Morse's fe f erson, (^6-2oS : Gay's 
Madison, 12S-251 ; VoJi Hoist's Consti fictional History of the 

United States^ i. 64-181; Lligginson's Larger History of the 
United States, 309-344 ; Narrative and Critical History of 
America, vii. 267-294. [510 //•] • 

2. Lodges' Washington, 11. 47-298; Bryce's American Common- 
wealth, I. 271-397. [375 //.] 

3. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 70-501 ; Morse's fohn 
Adams, 241-324. [510 fp.^ 

4. Hildreth's History of the United States, iv. 25-704, v. 24-418. 
[1075 fp.-] 

5. Tucker's History of the United States, i. 384-627, 11. 21-145 ; 
Stevens' Gallatin, 58-175. [482 pp.'] 

(1801-1815.) Foreign Complications. [7 Lectures.] v|/«Ttr^i^'>^ J-..«:i^*_ 

For all. Johnston's American Politics, 52-82. [3/"//.] ^*^^* ^'^^ 

1. Morse's Jefferson, 204-320; Schurz's Clay i. 38-125 ; Von Hoist's 
Constitutional History of the United States, i. 181-272 ; Higgin- 
sons Larger History of the United States, 344-380. [330 pp.] 

2. Gay's Madison, i^2-'^T^2\ Stevens' Gallatin, 176-340; Von Hoist's 
Constitutional History of the United States, i. 181-272. [S'^S //-l 



1 8 General Readings in History i^ {181^-1842). 

3. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 144-242 ; 
Higginson''s Larger History of the United States, 344-380; 
Morse'' s yohn ^uincy Adam's 25-98 ; Adams Randolph, 48-248. 

[390 ;!)/.] 

4. Schoulers History of the United States, 11. 1-444- [444 i^^-] 

5. HildretKs History of the United States, v. 419-686, V[. 25-374. 
[617 //.] 

6. Tiicker''s History of the United States 11. 146-515, iii. 21-145. 
[490 ff.-] 

(1815-1829.) Consolidation [6 Lectures.] 
For all. 'Johnston's American Politics, 83-101. [19 /^.] 

1. Gilman's Monroe, 125-175; Von Hoist's Constitutional History 
of the United States, i. 273-458," Roosevelt's Benton, 47-68. 
[250 ^j^.] 

2. Morse's fohn^iincy Adams.g8-220i Schurz's Clay, i. 125-310. 
[307 //.] 

3. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States., iv. 242-291 ; 
Von Hoist's Calhoun^ 12-83; Magruder's Marshall, 161-201 ; 
Lodge's Webster, 48-172 ; Higginson's Larger History of the 
United States, 381-430; Sumner's Jackson, 26-119. [4^5 ^^-1 

4. Schouler's History of the United States, 11. 444-463; in. 1-450. 
[470 f:p.'\ 

5. Tucker's History of the United States, iii. 146-515. [370 ^/.] 

ilZd. (1829 1861) Period of the Slavery Contest. [38 Lec- 
tures.] 

(1829-1841- ) Administrative and economic questions [11 Lectures.] 
For all. Johnston's American Politics, 102-132 ; Von Holsts's 
Constitutional History of the United States, 11. t-79, 147-218, 
[180 pp.^ 

1. Sumner's Jackson, 136-386. [250 _;!>/>.] 

2. Schurz's Clay, i. 311-349,11. 11-68,95-151, 171-197; Lodges' 

Webster, 171-240. [240 //•] 

3. Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, 1.458- 
505, II. 329-405; Schoulers History of the United States, in. 
451-531. [210//.] 



General Readings in History Jj {i82g-i8jj). ig 

4. Schiirz's Clay, 11. 11-68, 95-151, 171-197 : RooseveWs Benton, 
69-156, 1184-236. {2'6o^p.'\ 

5. TiLckcrs History of the United States, iv. 17-434. [415 pp.~\ 

6. Shcpa^'d's Van Buren, 75-340. [265 ^^.] 

7. Benton's Thirty Tears' View, i. 121-739, '^- 7-2io. [820 _;^/.] 

(1829-1850- ) Elements of the slavery Contest. [6 Lectures-] 

For all Von Holsfs Constitutional History of the United States, 

II. 80-146, 219-329. [175 ff.'\ 
I. Schtirzs Clay, 11. 69-94. 152-170; Morse's John ^uincy Adams, 

236-308. [115 pp.] 
" 2. Von Holsfs Calhoun, 85-221. [135 pp-^ 

3. Greeley's American Conflict, i. 85-147 ; Clarke's Anti- Slavery 
Days, 39-126; Comte de Paris' History of the Civil War in 
America, 76-89. [165 pp-] 

4. Roosevelt's Benton, 157-183 ; Draper's History of the Afnertcan 

Civil War, i. 311-338; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 85-221. [185^^.] 

5. Wilson's Rise and Rail oftheSlavePoiuerin America, i. 165- 
586. [420 pp.-] 

( 1841-1853- ) Territorial questions- [7 Lectures-] 
For all. fohnston's American Politics, 132-157. [25 pp.'\ 

1. Schurz's Clay, 11. 198-372. Bryant and Gay's History of the 

United States, iv. 350-411. [230^^.] 

2. Greeley's American Conflict, i. \\^-22^\ Lodge's Webster, 241- 
332; Clarke's Anti-Slavery Days, 127-158; Davis' Rise and 
Fall of the Confederate Gover)iment, i. 14-22; Shepard's Van 
Buren, 340-382. [250 pp.] 

3. Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, i. 587- 
651, II. 1-303. [365^/.] 

, 4. Von Hoist's Calhoun, 222-352 : Roosevelt's Benton, 237-340. 
[230 pp.] 
5. Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, 11. 406- 
714, III. 1-597, IV. 1-231. [ii35i''/-] 
• 6. Blaine's Twenty Tears of Congress, i. 26-108 ; Von Hoist's 
Calhoun, 221-352. [215- pp.] 
7. Benton's Thirty Tears' View, 11. 211-787. [57S PP-~[ 



20 General Readings in- History ij (j8jj-f88Q). 

1853-1860. Renewal of the slavery conflict. r8 Lectures-] 

For all. yohnstoii's Amei'ican Politics^ 158-179; Von Holsfs Con- 
stitutional History of the United States, iii. 563-597. [55 //.] 

1. Greeley^ s American Conjlict, i. 224-309 ; Bryant and Gay^s His- 
tory of the United States, iv. 410-434 ; Davis' Rise and Fall of 
the Confederate Government, i. 22-46 ; Draper's History of the 
Civil War in America, i. 406-437 ; Clarke's Anti-Slavery Days, 
158-187. li^^n.-] 

2. Vo7i Holsfs Constitutional History of the United States, iv. 232- 
461. V. 1-490. [720//.] 

3. Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 11. 304- 

672- [365:^/-] 

* 4. Blaine's Twenty Tears of Congress, i. 109-157 ; Greeley's 

American Conflict, i. 224-309. [140//-] 

(1860-1861.) Secession. [6 Lectures-] 

For all. fohnston's American Politics, 179-188 ; Pollard's Lost 
Cause, 75-116; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, iii. 693-701. [60^^.] 

1. Greeley's American Conflict, i. 309-449. [140/^-] 

• 2. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 435-446. 

Davis' Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, i. 47-85, 

199-289. [150 :?!>/'.] 

3. Draper's History of the Civil War in America, i. 438-567, 
[130^/.] 

4. Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Pozver in America, 11. 673- 
704,111. 1-108. [140//'-] 

§ 13 e. 1861-1885. Period of reconstruction and reunion. 
[7 Lectures.] 

For all. Johnston's American Politics, 188-247. [60/^.] 
'I. Lalor's Cyclopaedia, in. 532-556; "Johnston's History of the 
United States for Schools, 297-412. [140//.] 

2. Stanwood's Presidential Elections, 2^6-2'] '\- [140 /i^-] 

3. Gilmaii's History of the American' People, 501-598; Sterne's 
Constitutional History of the United States, 196-221. [125^^.] 



General Readings in History ly {iy^o-i82g). 21 

§ 14. General readings. — History 17. 

Introductory. [7 Lectures.] 

1. Doyle s History of the United States^ 1-201. [200^/.] 

2. yohnstoiis History of the United States for Schools, 1-147 ; 
Draper's HiHory of the Civil War in America, i. 17-62. [190 

3. Scuddeys History of the United States, 1-249. [200^^.] 

(1750-1789.) Formation of the Constitution- [5 Lectures.] 
For all. 'Johnston'' s American Politics, 1-17 ; Von Holsfs Con- 
stitutional Law, r-32. [50 i^^-] 

1. Doyle's History of the United States, 202-289; Lodge's Wash- 
ington, II. 1-46; Dodge's Short History of the North A^nerican 
Colonies, 406-475. [200 pp.~\ 

2. Dodge's Hamilton, 1-83 ; Von Hoist's Constitutional History 
of the United States, i. 1-62. Schoiiler's History of the United 
States, I. 1-70. [215 -pp.^ 

3. Higgi7ison's Larger History of the United States, 137-332. [195 

4. Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, §§ 1-372. [340 ^^.] 

5. Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in America, 476- 
521 ; Morse's John Adams, 50-240. [235//.] 

6. Draper s History of the Civil War in America, i. 116-210, 242- 
291. li^^pf.-] 

7. Oilman's History of the American People, 80-351. [270//.] 

8. Hosmer's Satntiel Adams. 31-350. [320^^.] 

9. Tucker's History of the United States, i. 21-383. [360 _^^.] 

(1789-1829-) Period of Federation- [10 Lectures-] 
For all. Johnston's American Politics, 18-101 ; Von Hoist's Con- 
stitutional History of the United States, i. 64-181. [200^^.] 

1. Morse's John Adams, 241-324; Schurz's Clay,\. 38-310. [335 

2. Morse's Jefferson, 98-208 ; Gav's Madison, 252-332 : Morse's 
John ^lincy Adams, 98-220. [310/i^-] 

3. Lodge's Wdishington,u. 47-388; Sterne's Constitutional History , 
145-168. [365//.] 

4. Steven's Gallatin, 58-175 ; Von Holsfs Const itul ion al History 



22 General Readings in History 77 {i82g-i86i). 

of the United States, 1. 181-272; Gilman's Monroe, 125-175. 
[390 //.] 

5. Morse's Jefferson, 209-320; Higginson's Larger History of the 
United States, 2Z2-^Z^' [_'2-io pp.~\ 

6. Gafs Madison, 128-251 ; Morse's John ^incy Adams, 25-98; 
Von Holsfs Calhoun, 12-83. [265//.] 

7. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 242-291. 
Lodge's Hamilton, 84-284; Morse's John ^incy Adams, 25-98. 

8. Von Holsfs Constitutional History of the United States, i. 
182-458. [275/;^.] 

9. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 70-501, 11. 1-463, iii. 

1-450- [1340 i!»i^-] 

10. Hildreth's History of the United States, iv. 25-704, v. 24-686, 

VI. 25-713. [2030//.] 

11. Tucker's History of the United States, i. 384-627, 11. 21-515 
III. 21-515. [1230^/.] 

(1829-1861.) Period of the slavery contest. [18 Lectures.] 
For all. Johnston's American Politics, 102-185 ; Vo7i Hoist's 
Calhoun, 124-183 ; Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the 
United States, iii. 563-597. [175 pp.'] 

1. Greeley's American Confict, i. :!^5-309 ; Davis' Rise and Fall 
of the Confederate Government, i. 1-85; Schurz's Clay,M. 69- 
94,152-170,228-372. [485//.] 

2. Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 282-446; 
Roosevelt's Benton, 69-340: Lodge's Webster, 171-332. 

[495 :?^/-] 

3. Draper's History of the Civil War in America, i. 301-338, 
388-567 ; Bryant and Gay's History of the United States, iv. 

282-446 ; Davis' Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 
I. 1-85. [465/^.] 

4. Schurz's Clay, i. 311-349, 11. 1-383; Greeley's American 
Conflict, I. 224-309. [500 i^^-] 

5. Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, i. 459 
505, II. 1-714, HI. 1-597, IV. 1-461, V. 1-490. [2310^/.] 

6. Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, i. 165- 
651, II. 1-672, III. 1-108. [1270/^.] 



Books Recomt7iendcd. 23 

(1861-1886.) Period of reconstruction and reunion. [5 Lectures.] 
For all. 'Johnstoii's A^nerican Politics, 186-247 ; Lalors Cyclo- 
paedia, III. 532-556- \.^Si>i>''\ 

1. yohnstoti's History of the United States for Schools, 297-412. 

[Ji5//-] 

2. Stantvood's Presidential Election, ^i^G-"^*]/^. [140^^.] 

3. Gihnan's History of the American People, 501-598. [100^^.] 

§ ilS. Reading.— Text-Books. 

All students are expected to own the following books, which 

should be in daily use. 
• I. Pamphlet on the -work of Students. 
■ 2. The Outline, Parts i. and ti. or the new edition, 

Z' fohnston'' s American Politics. 

§ 16. Reading. — Books desirable to own. 

The following books will be of particular use to students of United 
States History ; and they are all of permanent value. Under each 
period they are arranged in the order of their probable usefulness to 
students in Courses 13 and 17. Only such books are enumerated as 
are in print ; many of them may be bought to advantage at second- 
hand. 

G-eneral Histories. 
Curtis'' Constitutional History of the United States. [In press. J 
'^Pryce's American Commonwealth (2 vols.). 

(1606-1789.) Period of colonization and revolution. 
"^Prothinghatn's Rise of the Republic. 

Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in America. 

Doyle's History of the United States. 
'^McMaster's History of the People of the United States (2 vols.). 
'^ Bancroft's History of the Constitution ( 2 volumes ; also a stu- 
dent's edition in 1 vol.). 

Tyler's Patrick Henry (Am. Statesmen Series).. 

Hosmer's Samuel Adams TAm. Statesmen Series). 

Morse's Benjamin Franklin [Am Statesmen Series]. 
-Lodge's George Washington, Vol. I. 

Higginson's Larger History of the United States. 



2A Books Recommended. 

Story^s Commentaries on the Constitution (3 vols, or 2 vols.). 
Lecky^s History of England in the Eighteenth Century (6 vols.). 
Preston'' s Documents illustrative of American History. 

(1789-1829.) Period of federation. 
-* Morse's Thomas 'Jefferson (Am. Statesmen Series). 
'^Lodge's Alexander Hamilton (Am. Statesmen Series). 
^Lodge's George Washington (Am. Statesmen Series) Vol. II. 
^ Gay's James Madison (Am. Statesmen Series). 
^Morse's John ^lincy Adams (Am. Statesmen Series). 
jmVon Hoist" s Constitutional History of the United States Vol. i. 

Schoulers History of the United States (Vols. I-III). 

Morse's John Adams (Am. Statesmen Series). 
"Stevens" Albert Gallatin (Am. Statesmen Series). 

Gilmans" James Monroe (Am. Statesmen Series). 

Adams" John Randolph (Am. Statesmen Series). 
-^ Hildreth"s History of the United States, second series (3 vols.). 
^Magruder"s John Marshall (American Statesmen Series). 
-^Narrative and Critical History of America ^ Vol. VII. 

(1829-1861.) Period of the slavery question- 
^Schurz's Henry Clay (Am. Statesmen Series, 2 vols). 
— Von Hoist's John C. Calhoun (Am. Statesmen Series). 
.^Summer's Andrew Jackson (Am. Statesmen Series). 

Lodge's Daniel Webster (Am. Statesmen Series). 

Greeley's American Confict. Vol. I. 
-^ Von Holst'sConstitutional History of the United States, Vols. II-V. 

'Schoulers History of the United States, Vol. IV. 

Roosevelt's Thomas H. Benton (Am. Statesmen Series). 

Wilson's Rise atid Fall of the Slave Power in America (3 vols.). 

'Spring's History of Kansas (Am. Commonwealth Series). 

Royce's History of California (Am. Commonwealth Series). 

Robert's History of New Tork (Am. Commonwealth Series, 2 
vols.). 

Pollard's Lost Cause. 

Davis' Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (2 vols.). 

Stephens' War Between the States (2 vols.). 

Shepard's Martin Van Burcii (Am. Statesmen Series.). 



Select and Working Libraries. 25 

(1861-1865.) Period of Union. 
-^ Von Hoist's Constitutional Law. 

§ 17. Reading : — Selection for a working library. 

The following fourteen volumes will be found the most useful 
selection for the purposes of the courses. They should cost, new, 
about $26.00 net : the Greeley and sometimes the Von Hoist can be 
bought to advantage at second-hand. 

Aine7'ican Statesmen Series: lives of Clay., (2 vols.), Cal/iotm, 
Sumner, Jefferson, Hamilton, yohn .^uincy Adams, Washing- 
ton, (2 vols. ). 

Greeley^ s American Conjlict, Vol. I. 

Von Hulsfs Constitutional History, Yo\s. I-II. 

Von Hoist's Constitutional Law. 

Schouler'' s United States, Vols. I-IV. 

The best books for $10.00 would be a selection from the American 
Statesmen series ; and Von Hoist's Constitutional Law. 

§ 18. Reading: — Libraries. 

Students have the use of the College Library, and especially of the 
reserved books in Colonial and United States History. A part of 
these books are to be found above the Card Catalogue and under the 
iron stairs in the Delivery Room of the Library. A select reference 
librarN- is placed in alcove No. 9 of the reading room. In addition, 
the Evans Reference Library in United States History is placed in 
University 14 and will be open day and evening, to qualified students. 
Keys may be obtained of the assistant on deposit of twenty-five cents. 
Should there be any serious difficulty in getting the use of reference 
books, duplicates may be provided. The instructor will ask for stu- 
dents in History 20 (d) the privilege of using books on their special 
subject in the alcoves of the College library. 

§ 9. Special Reports : — Summary. 

Six "Special Reports" will be required from each student in 
History 13 and three from each student in History 17, for the year 
1^88-89. The purpose of the system is to train students in finding 
out things for themselves. It will introduce them to the most valu- 
able authorities ; it will make them familiar with the sources of in- 
formation on American history. It is intended to develop their powers 



20 Special Reports. 

of analysis and statement, and to interest them in the unsettled ques- 
tions of our history. 

To each student, from time to time, will be assigned a very lim- 
ited special topic, on which he is expected to make a condensed 
report, based upon original authorities, so far as possible. The 
Special Reports will require from a fifth to a fourth of the stated time 
put upon the course. The instructor regards the Special Reports as 
so important that no student will receive a pass-mark in either of the 
courses who has not gained grade D in this part of the work. 

The work of preparation of these reports must be done under the 
direction and to the satisfaction of the assistant. 

In order to select subjects on which there is sufficient material, 
some of the topics may be taken from the period preceeding or follow- 
ing the field of the courses (1783-1861.) 

§ 20.— Special Reports : — Assignment. 

For the year 1889-90 the Special Reports will be assigned in 
groups as follows, each at least a month before it is due. 
No. I. Bibliographical. Due in" Hist. 13, Nov. i ; in Hist. 17, Apr. i. 

2. Congressional. Due in Hist. 13, Dec. i ; in Hist. 17, May i. 

3. Statistical. Due in Hist. 13, Feb i. 

4. Constitutional. Due in Hist. 13, Apr. i. 

5. Slavery. Due in Hist. 13, May i ; in Hist. 17, June i. 

6. Biographical. Due in Hist. 13, June i. 

As much attention as possible will be paid to the preference of 
students for particular subjects, shown in their application for en- 
trance into the course. 

§ 21.— Special Reports: — General directions. 

For the convenience of the instructor in handling the reports, and 
for the training of students in metliodical habits of work, and in order 
to accustom them to arrange their material for others' use, students 
will please observe carefully the following general directions. Par- 
ticular directions and suggestions for each report will be found below. 

1. Assignment. So far as possible the preference of the student for 
a particular line of investigation will be consulted; for this purpose 
students are requested U) fill out a blank form with an account of 
their previous study, and a list of preferred topics. Any two students 
may exchange topics, with the consent of the assistant. 



General Suggestions for Special Reports. 27 

If a student becomes interested in a topic which he has not time to 
finish, he may be allowed by the instructor to complete it, instead of 
doing a later special report. The longer and more difficult subjects 
are given to two or more students jointly. In such cases they may 
make any division of the work among themselves which the assis- 
tant approves ; it being understood that each student shall do a fair 
proportion of the whole work. The effort will be made to give out 
interesting topics, in fields little explored, so that the results may be 
new and have permanent value. In general, there will be no dupli- 
cate topics. 

2. Authorities. Unless otherwise specified, students will be held 
responsible only for such information as may be had from the books 
in : 

The Delivery Room of the Harvard College Library ; 

The reserved books in United States History in alcove No 9 ; 

The Evans Reference Library in United States History, in Uni- 
versity 14. 

The usual arrangement of the books is alphabetical by authors, 
beginning at the bottom of the range farthest to the left, running up 
that range, then from the bottom to the top of the next range to the 
right, and so on. 

3. Assistance. It is a principle of the whole work that students are 
to do their own searching for authorities. There is no objection 
to their asking the aid of other persons ; but the actual handling of 
the books must be done by themselves. Whenever, after a faithful 
attempt, they are not able to bring to light sufficient information on 
their subject, or meet contradictions or difficulties, they are expected 
to apply to the assistant. The library officials have been especially 
requested not to give help, as the number of students is too great. 
If there is any further need of suggestion the instructor will be glad 
to give it in his regular hours of conference. It is not desired that a 
student should be discouraged at the outset for want of guidance. 

4. Conference. All students are requested to report to the assis- 
tant when they begin work upon their topic, and at least once during 
the progress of their work, so that he may know what they are doing ; 
and they must submit to him their notes or completed report for his 
approval before handing in the report. 



20 General Suggestions for Special Reports. 

5. Method. As one of the principal objects of the special-report 
work is to train students in acquiring information on any subject, with 
the greatest economy of time, and the greatest clearness of result, 
every student is urged to think out a method for himself. It is a very 
convenient way to take notes on loose sheets, each piece of paper 
being devoted to some branch of the general subject ; the information 
gained from different books is thus assembled in a classified form, 
and when the sheets are arranged, the material for the condensed 
report is brought together in logical order. In all cases., exact refer- 
ences to volume and page must support all important statements. 
No attention will be paid to reports in which references are lacking 
or indefinite. It is of course expected that no reference will be given 
(unless especially directed) save to a passage which the student has 
verified ,vith his own eyes. If there are serious discrepancies be- 
tween authorities, they should be pointed out. The effort will be 
made to assign only topics on which there is positive information ; 
but if a diligent search in the books suggested brings nothing to 
light, the work will be as readily accepted as though something had 
been found. 

6. Form of the report. All the reports are handed in on the sheets 
with printed headings, on which topics are given out. Dates should 
be entered in the narrow outside column ; subject-matter only in the 
middle, broad column ; references in the inner column, next to 
the folding in the sheet. Additional sheets should be of the same size 
and ruling, and should be attached by mucilage, not by fasteners or 
pins. Do not fold the papers. Since one of the objects of the lecture 
is to teach conciseness, the length of the report should not exceed the 
limit set by the topics. The matter should be logically arranged, 
point by point, the heads indicated by catch-words in the date column, 
or by underlining. The time spent should be noted at the head of 
the report. 

7. Eetliril of the report. If six hours have been faithfully spent on 
the work, with or without satisfactory result, the notes or report may 
be shown to the assistant, and will be approved by him. No credit 
can be given for reports not handed in to the assistant by the evening 
of the day appointed, except by previous permission of the instructor, 
or when absence has made it impossible to ask that permission. 



special Reports : — Bibliographical. 29 

§ 52. Special Reports :— No. 1.— Bibliographical. 

Due in History 13, Nov. i ; in History 17, Apr. i. 

Object. The first report is intended to teach students how to find 
books. 

Scope. To each student is assigned a person connected with the 
history of the United States. The report is to be a list of the printed 
books, pamphlets and magazine articles bearing on the subject. No 
narrative is expected. No list of works by the person is expected. 

Authorities. Students will be held responsible for all titles which 
can be obtained through the following authorites : 

1. The cyclopaedias and biographical dictionaries, in the Delivery 
Room. 

2. The bibliographical helps enumerated in the Outline, § 12. 

3. The library catalogues in the Delivery Room of the Library, 
including JLcypoidt's American Catalogue. 

4. The authors card catalogue of the Harvard College Library. 
Students are especially referred to Mr. W. C. Lane's Notes on the 
Subject Catalogue — History of the United States. 

5. Poole's Index, the ^. P. Indexes, and other indexes to par- 
ticular periodicals to be found above the Author's Catalogue in the 
Delivery Room. 

6. Bibliographies of books on the person in biographies or histo- 
ries. 

8. Selection. Only those books are to be enumerated which deal 
with the general subject matter. Thus, under Washington, it will not 
be necessary to enter books on the Revolution. Further, they must 
deal principally with that subject ; thus we need not enumerate 
histories of the United States or of Virginia under Washington. 

Method. The most convenient method, is to go through the biblio- 
graphical aids, setting down each promising title on a slip or card ; 
and afterwards to verify the set. 

Verification. Students may verify for themselves the title of every 
book in the Harvard College Library which is on their list ; but are 
not required to do so, and the instructor will be very glad to have 
students search out books not here, but to be found in the Boston 



70 Special Reports: — Congressional. 

Athenaeum or Boston Public Library. If you find a title and cannot 
discover the book, tet down opposite it a reference to the place in 
which you found the title. Please insert the Library number of all 
books examined. The precise form of the title of unseen books may 
usually be found, for authors from A to R, in Sabin's Bihliotheca 
Americana. 

Porm of Report. Titles should be arranged alphabeticall}^ by au- 
thors. References and abbreviations should be punctuated systemat- 
ically. The title page should be quoted in full, with the publisher's 
name, place of publication, date, number of pages, and size of the 
book so far as those particulars are found. 

§ 53. Special reports : — No. 2 ; — Congressional. 

Due in History 13, Dec. i ; in. History 17, May i. 

Object. In the second report, students will learn to use the records 
of the debates of Congress, and will gain some knowledge of the 
procedure of that body. 

Scope. To each student will be assigned some particular bill or 
act of Congress which he will be expected to follow through all its 
stages. The report is to be a summar}- history of the bill, and a very 
brief resume of the principal arguments for or against it. 

Authorities, The following are the authorities to be consulted : 
1789-1823. Annals of Congress ; files of contemporary newspapers. 
1824-1837. Congressional Debates. 
1833-1873. Congressional Globe. 
1873-1889. Congressional Record. 
1 789-1850. Benton's Abridgment. 
1789-1888. House "Journals. 
1789-1888. Senate Journals. 

Aids. There is a very poor index in the older records of debates ; 
and a very elaborate one for late issues of the Record. The Journals 
are better indexed, and a bill may easily be followed in them by its 
number : having thus found the dates, the debate may be traced. 

All these books are to be used by their indexes of subjects, 
speakers, and bills. They are all to be found in the Delivery Room 
of the Library, and a partial duplicate set is in the Evans Reference 
Library- 



special Reports. — Statistical. 3 1 

Method- The manner of doing the work is left to each student ; to 
many a very convenient method will be to use loose sheets, devoting 
one to each principal argument : by going through the debate, and 
noting a reference to each particular point, on its separate sheet, 
the student will have a body of classified references; he can then go 
back and read the best citations under each head, and thus frame 
his argument. 

§ 24. Special reports :— No. 3 ;— Statistical. 

Due in History 13 only, Feb i. 

Object- It is very important that every student should learn where 
to find and how to use statistical material illustrating the history of 
the United States, and that he should master the complicated system 
of the Public Documents, 

Scope- To each student is assigned a statistical subject, covering 
a series of years. The report is to be made in the form of a statisti- 
cal table, showing the total for each (fiscal) year, and the sum total 
for the whole period. No narrative is expected, and no additional 
information, except such as may be necessar}'^ to elucidate the 
figures. 

Authorities- The following general authorities will be reserved in 
alcove No. 9 : 

The Statistical Abstract (1789-1886) ; Compendium of the Tenth 
Census (1790-1880) ; Scribner^s Statistical Atlas (1790-1880) ; 
Spofford's American Almanac (i 789-1888) ; Walker'' s Statistical 
Atlas of the United States (i 790-1870) (Areas corrected by the 
Census of 1880, see Compendium, p>. 1413) ; Lalor''s Cyclopaedia 
(1789-1880) ; McGregor's Progress 0/ America (1789-1844) ; Sey- 
berfs Statistical Annals (1779-1817); Pitkin''s Statistical View 
(1789-1816) ; Donaldson's Public Domain (1789-1883) Stanzvood's 
Presidential- Eleclions (1789-1881) ; yohnston's American Politics 
(1789-1881). 

Public Documents- The data for many of the topics must be sought 
in the publications of the government of the United States : and 
wherever time permits, statements found in the general authorities 
must be verified by re,ference to the original reports. Under each 
(Congressional) year are to be found at present eight subdivisions, 



32 special Reports. — Statistical. 

of Congressional Documents: (i) Senate yotirnal ; (2) Senate Ex- 
ecutive Documents ; (3) Senate Miscellaneous ; (4) Senate Reports ; 
(5) House journal; (6) House Executive Document ; (7) House 
Miscellaneous ; (8) House Reports. In the Journals (i and 5 ) can 
be traced the progress of any bill or resolution ; they are carefully 
indexed. In the Executive Documents (2 and 6 ) are to be found 
reports made by the executive departments, officers and bureaux. 
The annual reports of members of the Cabinet and their subordinates 
are now included among House Executive Documents, though for 
earlier years they are often to be sought in the Senate Executive 
Documents. Except the Journals, the Congressional Documents are 
not paged continuously, but are made up of "Documents" numbered 
consecutively, each having its own paging. 

Indexes to Public Documents. Most of the following indexes are to 
be found above the Authors Catalogue. 
1789-1859. Boston Public Library Catalogue, Ufper Hall (1861). 

P>p>. 795-842. 
1859-1863. Boston Public Library Catalogue, Upper Hall, Sup- 
plement {\%66),pp. 644-654. 
1789-1877. AthencBum Catalogue {1882) , Vol. v., pp. 3055-3109. 
1776-1881. Poore's Index to Government Publications. 
1789-1817. Exec. Doc, i8th Cong, ist Sess. No. 163. 
181 5-1887. McKee's Indexes to House Reports. 
1815-1887. McKee's Indexes to Senate Reports. 
1823-1831. House Exec. Doc, 22nd Cong., 2d Sess. 
1831-1839. hidex to Exec. Docs: House Doc, SSth Cong., 2d. 

Sess. 
1836-1869. Consolidated Index of Reports : House Doc ^oth 

Cong., jd Sess. 
1839-1869. Consolidated Index of Executive Docs. 
1789-1809. Ordway's General Indexes to Jojirnals of Congress : 

^oth Cong., 2d Sess. 
1786-185 1. Digested Summary of Private Claims : jist Cong. 2d 
Sess. 



special Reports : — Constitutional. 'I'l 

Conference. In order to aid students in consulting the documents, 
the assistant will hold his stated conference in the basement of the 
iron " stack " in the Library, where they are shelved- Students can 
use those books in situ., only while the assistant or instructor is 
present. They are particularly requested not to return books to their 
places after use, but to leave them on the tables. 

Methods. It will probably be found most convenient to go through 
the general statistical works, noting references to useful tables ; then 
to go to the indexes, and take the titlesof reports or other documents, 
and then to search in the documents themselves, and to compare the 
official figures with those found elsewhere. 

Porm. The report should contain : 

(i) An alphabetical list of authorities containing valuable infor- 
mation or tables on the subject, witi;i precise references to the pages ; 

(2) A neatly and systematically arranged statement of the result, 
year by year, in tabular form. All tables must be correctly footed. 
Figures should be so placed in columns as to make it easy to verify 
the results. No written explanations should be made except such 
notes as may be necessary to elucidate the text. 

Discrepancies. Particular care should be taken to point out errors 
or discrepancies. 

Time. The report will take more than the average time ; but it 
will be well spent if the student learns to use Government documents. 

§ ^S. Special reports : — No 4; — Constitutional. 

Due in History 13 only, April i. 

Object. The fourth report is meant to train the student in the 
application to specific cases of the general principles of the Constitu- 
tion, as developed in the lectures. 

Scope- Each topic will be a simple question in constitutional law. 
The report should be a brief statement of the conclusions at which 
the student has arrived ; with the reasons for or against that conclu- 
sion. A series of extracts from, or abstracts of, authorities is not suffi- 
cient in itself: the matter must be arranged logically, with specific 
references for each important statement. , 



34 Special Reports : — Slavery and Biography. 

Authorities. The principal authorities on constitutional law will be 
found in the reserved and Evans libraries: the foot notes in these 
books will lead to other commentaries and cases. A full set of the 
Reports of the United States Supreme Court is in the reserved library, 
and a partial set in the Evans Library. Other reports and legal 
works may be used in the Law Library on introduction by the in- 
structor. The subjects will be so limited that there will be time to 
examine every available authority. It is advised to begin with Story, 
Kent, Pome7'oy, Hare, Bryce and Desty. The beginnings of a 
bibliography of the Constitution will be found in the Narrative and 
Critical History of America, vii. 255-266. 

Conference. Upon this report the instructor will himself confer 
with students, at hours to be announced. 

Method. The use of loose slips, one for each division of the sub- 
ject, is recommended : as a reference is found bearing on that part 
of the subject, it may be entered on the appropriate slip : after going 
through all the books, the authorities may then easily be compared, 
point by point. 

§ 26. Special Reports : — No. 5. — Slavery. 

Due in History 13, ^[AY i; in Hist. 17, June i. 

Object- In the fifth report the student is expected to make himself 
familiar with the literature on slavery, and to gain a detailed knowl- 
edge of some incident in the slavery contest. 

Scope. To each student is assigned some phase or an event in the 
history of slavery : on this subject he is to write a condensed narra- 
tive, introducing quotations freely. 

Authorities. Students will be expected to search through all the 
books on slavery in the reserved and Evans libraries ; and in ad- 
dition to use any particular book, not reserved, which they have 
reason to think will be especially useful to them. Some bibliogra- 
phical aid may be had from the Narrative and Critical History of 
America, vii, 322-324; the notes to Von. Hoist's History will often 
be useful. 

Methods. A careful use of classified library catalogue's and of the 
indexes and tables of contents of books is essential. Cobb's and 
Hurd's books aie commended. 



Memorizing and Exercises. o c 

§ 27. Special Reports : — No. 6. — Biographical. 

Due in Hist. 13 only, June i. 

Object- As the course is necessarily occupied more with questions 
than with men, there is danger of losing sight of the importance of 
personal influence in the development of institutions. The last re- 
port is intended to connect events and principles with the life of a par- 
ticular statesman. 

Scope. To each student will be assigned some public man, whose 
connection with a particular line of policy is to be traced : the report 
should present the views of the man in question, at successive in- 
tervals. Qi^iotations may well be introduced. The discussion of 
Webster's position on slavery in Lodge s Webster is a case in point. 

Authorities. Students will be expected to use biographies, collec- 
tions of the speeches and correspondence of their man; and to go 
into the records of his speeches in Congress in most cases. Usually 
the student will have assigned to him the same person upon whom 
he prepared a bibliography in Special Report No. i. When that 
is not the case, he will have the use of the instructor's bibliogra- 
phies of public men. 

Method- Painstaking search, and the use of all available indexes, 
and tables of contents are the only methods that can be specified. 

Form- Use quotations freely. 

§ 28. Memorizing : — Summary. 

All students will be expected to have constantly at their command 
the following data : 

1. (1787-1870.) Constitution of the United States ; Art. I., Sects. 8, 
9,10; Art. II., Sect. 3 ; Art. in.. Sect. 2 ; Amendments i to 11, 
13 and 15 : ° 'Johnston'' sAtnerican Politics, 262-288. 

2. (1790-1880.) Population of the U. S. at each decennial period, in 
round numbers : Compendium of the Tenth Census, i. 2-3; 
Johnston's U. S. A^p. iv. 

3. (1791-1876.) Order of admission of States (years only need be 
remembered) : JoJinstons American Politics, 289. 

4. (1789-1884.) Presidential elections : the two leading candidates 
in each : Johnston's American Politics, 290-296. 



36 Theses and Assignment. 

5. (1789-1886.) List of Presidents with the dates of their adminis- 
trations : yohnstofi's American Politics, 290-296. 

§ 29. Written Exercises : — Summary. 

The only written work that will be asked, except the special re- 
ports, w\\\ be an occasional opinion on the merits of some controversy 
described in the lecture;, or on the application of a principle to a 
specific case. No preparation will be required. 

§ 30. Current Topics : Summary. 

From time to time the instructor will ask individual students, 
instead of preparing a special report, to make out a statement of fact 
on some public question which may happen to be of interest at the 
time ; and the result of this work will be read, or be used as the basis 
of a brief talk at the beginning of a lecture. 

§ 31. Theses : — Summary. 

In History 20 (d) each student will write a thesis, In most cases 
the student will prefer to take up and elaborate some topic which has 
interested him in preparing his lecture. The subject must be 
approved by the instructor. It is expected that the field chosen will 
be so limited that it will be possible to exhaust the literature upon 
it, in the time. The thesis is to be read before the class in History 
20 (d), at some time during the second half-year. An essential 
part of each thesis will be a bibliography of the subject, made as 
complete as possible ; it will be reproduced by Cyclostyle process and 
distributed to the class. To each student will be assigned a weekly 
time for conference with the instructor ; and he will make a brief 
weekly statement in writing of the work done since the last confer- 
ence. 

§ 32. Theses: — Assignment in past years. 

The following were the thesis subjects in History 20 (d) in the 
academic year 1887-88 : 

History of the Thirteenth Amendment, 

History of the Fox and Wisconsin Internal Improvements. 

History of the Fourteenth Amendment. 

Boston Politics. 



Suggestions to Thesis Writers. 27 

History of the Veto Power. 

History of the Fifteenth Amendment. 

History of the Greenback Labor Party. 

Government of the Confederate States of America. 

Bibliography of American Diplomacy. 

The following were the subjects in the academic year 1886-87. 

The government of the United States, 1861-1865. 

Social and Ecomic Effects of Chinese Immigration. 

History of the first treaty with China. 

The Revenue of the United States, 1865-1885. 

Constitutional History of New York. 

Riots and their Suppression in the United States. 

Bibliography of Civil Service Reform. 

Education and Illiteracy in the South. 

History of Railroad Land Grants. 

§ 33. Theses : — Suggestions to Thesis Writers. 

The following general hints may be useful to the writers of theses, 

1. Be sure you are willing to do the necessary work. 

2. Select a subject which interests you, if possible in a limited 
field, but extending over a long period. 

3. Begin by noting the chief authorities: 

a. Furnished by the instructor ; 

b. In Poole's Index ; 

c. In the Subject Catalogue. 

Write the title, author (with initials), place and date. 

4. Have a system of note taking. 

a. Note only one subject on each piece of paper. 

b. Note the authority for each quotation or abstract by volume 
and page. 

c. Preferably use loose sheets, arranging as you go. 

5. From the general authorities, make out a synopsis of the chief 
points which are to be studied, observing : 

a. New authorities and references for extension of details ; 

b. Chronological development ; 

c. Salient sub-heads of your subject. 



'J 3 Suggestions for Examinations. 

6. Extend the details which appear to you to need further examin- 
ation. If necessary make synopses of the sub-heads. Make 
references for other sub-heads, but abstract them later. 

7. Arrange your sheets of notes in a logical form, sub-heads under 
main heads. Choose between chronological, or topical arrange- 
ment, or a combination. 

8. Compose the theses : ■ 

a. First settling the proportions ; 

b. Introducing striking quotations ; 

c. Giving exact references for all important statements of fact. 

9. Add a a bibliography of authorities with brief remarks on the 
bearing of the most important. 

§ 34. — Examinations : — Summary. 
The examinations in the year 1888-89 will include hour exami- 
nations with and without notice ; and also the semi-annual and final, 
each of which will be based upon the work of the preceding half-year 
only. The examinations will test the reading of the student and es- 
pecially his capacity to understand the relations between facts not 
brought together in any lecture, and his ability to apply principles 
to new cases. There will be geographical questions on all papers. 

§ 35. — Examinations : — Suggestions. 
[These hints are not authoritative, and have no reference to the 
particular form the examination may take.] 

1. Get your examination-book in early. 

2. Come into the examination fresh and able to think clearly- 

3. Read the paper through before beginning to write and decide 
which of the alternative questions you will choose, if such are 
offered. 

4. If you are doubtful of the meaning of a question, apply to the 
instructor. 

5. Write legibly: ink is much preferred. 

6. Write in a straightforward narrative style ," make your meaning 
clear. 

7. Arrange and paragraph your work neatly and systematically. 

8. Indicate subdivisions of a logical argument in such a way as 
readily to catch the eye. 



Mid-year Examination Paper in History ij. -jq 

9. Full answers to a part ot the questions may be better than insuf- 
ficient answers to the whole. 
10. Less stress will be laid on dates and details than on an ability 
to distinguish the significent points in the work gone over, and 
to understand their relations : a good general comprehension 
can, however, be based only on a previous study of details. 

II. Have an opinion of your own, and express it. If it differs 
materially from the views taken in the lectures, be able to state 
the grounds for your dissent. 

12. After working an hour, rest four or five minutes; and do the 
same at the end of the second hour. 

13. Just before the examination-books are called in, take time 
to revise and correct what you have written, even though you 
have not finished the paper. 

§ 36. Examinations : — Specimen Papers : — History 13. — 
Mid-year (1889). 

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED 

STATES [1783-1829]. 

l^Read the paper through before begi?ining to -write, and observe carefully the fol- 
lowing directions. Take all the questions in Group I. ; take four questions out of 
Group II.; having answered nine questions, you are encouraged to try some of 
the optionals in Group III. Fold maps but once, and put your name upon the 
face of each. Arrange your answers strictly in the order of the questions. Num- 
ber the answers plainly with Arabic numerals.] 

Group I. Required. 

1. Criticise the work upon American History of one of the three following 
authors, and compare it with Johnston's American Politics : Hemy Cabot 
Lodge ; John Bach McMaster ; Carl Schurz. 

2. Mention the five most Important characters In the history of the United 
States from 1789 to 1829, excluding presidents, secretaries of state, and sec- 
retaries of the ti-easury ; state very briefly for what each was remarkable. 

3. 4. State the principal events In the territorial history of the United 
States from 1789 to 1829 ; and show how each affected the political history. 
Illustrate on the outline map. 

5. Has the United States constitutional authority to charter a university 
in the city of New York } Has it constitutional power to appropriate money 
for it.'' Could It constitutionally revoke the charter.? 



AO Mid-year Examination Paper in History /j. 

Group II. Choose Four Questions. 

6. Very briefly explain seven of the ten following terms. [Please arrange 
your answers in paragraphs, one for each term.] 

(a) "Sen. Rep. 41st Cong., 2d Sess., II., 47." 

(h) Proprietary government. 

(c) Revenue plan. 

{d) X. Y. Z. affair. 

(e) The Aurora. 

(/) Twelfth amendment. 

(^) Bayonne decree. 

(A) Panama Congress. 

{%) Writ of error. 

(/) Blifil and Black George. 

7. Briefly sketch the foreign policy of the United States from 1804 to 
to 1812. 

8. Sketch the public career of one of the two following statesmen : John 
Randolph : Albert Gallatin. 

9. Which is preferable, the general policy of the Federal party, or that of 
the Democratic-Republican party, and why } 

10. Compare \\)y comparison is meant a discussion of the points common or 
dissimilar, and not simply an account of one followed by an account of the 
other] the Compromises upon slavery made by the Federal Convention of 
1787 with the Missouri Compromise. What were the political effects of 
both } 

11. Compare the financial policy of the Confederation with that of Mad- 
ison's second administration. 

12. Compare the Jay Treaty with the Treaty of Ghent. 

13. 14, 15, 16. [This counts as four questions.] Write a brief essay, in 
compact and logical form, in support or in refutation of the following pas- 
sage (from Pollard's Lost Cause, pp. 40, 41) : — 

"The reader of American history must guard his mind against the error 
that the Union was, in any sense, a constitutional revolution, or a proclama- 
tion of a new civil polity. The civil institutions of the States were already 
perfect and satisfactory. The Union was nothing more than a convenience 
of the States, and had no mission apart from them. It had no value as an 
additional guaranty of personal liberty, nor yet for its prohibitions of inva- 
sion of individual rights. These had been declared with equal clearness and 



Mid-year Exa7nination Paper in History JJ. 4 1 

vigor five centuries before in the great charter at Riinnymecle, had been en- 
grafted upon the Colonial Governments, and were the recognized muniments 
of American liberty. 

"The novelty and value of the Federal Constitution was the nice adjust- 
ment of the relations of the State and Federal Governments, by which they 
both became coordinate and essential parts of one harmonious system ; the 
nice arrangement of the powers of the State and Fedei'al Governments, by 
which was left to the States the exclusive guardianship of their domestic 
affairs, and of the interests of their citizens, nnd was granted to the Federal 
Government the exclusive control of their international and inter-State re- 
lations ; the economy of the powers of the States with which the Federal 
Government was endowed ; the paucity of subjects and of powers, with- 
drawn from the States, and committed to the Federal Government. It was 
the recognition of the idea of Confederation — the appreciation of the value of 
local self-government. It was the recognition that the States were the crea- 
tors and their powers were inherent, and that the Federal Government was 
the creature and its powers were delegated." 

Illustrate freely from the history of the United States between 1783 and 
1829. 

Group III. Optional Questions. 
Not to be Substituted for any Previous Questions. 

17. Describe the West Florida controversy, and illustrate on the outline 
map. 

18. Describe the election of 1804 or of 1816. 

19. Was Edmund Randolph guilty of corrupt advances to the French 
minister? 

20. Ought Jackson to have been court-martialed for his Florida campaign.? 

§ 37. Examinations : — Specimen Papers : — History 13. — Hour 

(1889). 

Take the first question and three others. 

1. What books have you read on this period? Underscore three of the 
most important. 

2. State, briefly, Calhoun's doctrine of nullification ; Hayne's doctrine ; 
Jackson's position on nullification. 

3. The removal of deposits, and its constitutionality. 

4. [Take Two.] The Caroline affair ; Ostend Manifesto ; the gag reso- 
lutions. 



A 2 Filial Examination Paper in History ij. 

5. [Take Five.] "Kitchen Cabinet" ; George Thompson ; 12 How. 299 ; 
"Genius of Universal Emancipation" ; Maysville Road veto ; the "American 
system" scheme. 

§ 38. Examinations : — Specimen Papers : — History 13. — 

Final (1889). 

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

Read the paper through before beginning to w^rite ; arid observe carefully the 

following directions. 

[Take all the questions in Group A; take four questions in Group B. Having an- 
swered eight questions, you are encouraged to try some of the optionals in Group C. 
Ai-rano'e your answers strictly in the order of the questions, and number them plainly 
with Arabic numerals. 

Group A. [To test principles.] Required. 

1. Have you used the general or topical readings ? 

What four works would you recommend to a person unacquainted with 
American history who wished to understand the slavery contest } 

Take each of these works in succession and mention some episode or 
phase of that contest which is particularly w^ell set forth in that work. 

2. \_Illustrate., if you choose^ on the outlme map.'] Consider carefully 
the following hypothetical statement : — 

A, the son of a slave woman owned by B, an officer in the army, was born 
in New York in 1781. B took him to Philadelphia in 1784, to Detroit in 
1785, to Nashville in 1791, to Princeton in 1802. In 1805 B removed to 
San Domingo and thence, in 1809, to Mobile, taking A with him. In 1813 
A ran away, taking refuge in the British lines, and went away with the 
troops to the Bermudas. In 1835 he went to Washington, where he was 
immediately apprehended and soon after sold for his jail fees to C. C was 
in 1841 appointed Indian agent to the Cherokees and took A with him. A 
escaped to San Francisco in 1845. In 1852 he went to Oregon, in 1856 to 
St. Paul, in 1858 to Vermont, where he became a voter. In 1862 he en- 
listed in the Union army, but deserted at Louisville the same year. B, who 
was now a resident of Louisville, saw him, and had him arrested as his slave. 
A escaped from jail by killing a guard and fled to Cincinnati. B followed 
him and demanded his surrender. 

Has B any legal remedy ? 

If so, what was that remedy.? 

If not, what lines of defence could A set up ? 



Final Exatnination Papei- in History /j. 43 

3. "Would it be constitutionnl : — 

(a) For the Secretary of tlie Navy to send a supply of ship bread for the 
people made destitute by the floods in Pennsylvania? 

(&) For the Secretary of War to send troops to protect property, bury 
bodies, and clear up debris ? 

(c) Would the consent of Pennsylvania be necessary? 

Illustrate briefly by citing all the clauses of the Constitution which could 
possibly be held to justify such action ; and. by mentioning historical prece- 
dents. 

4. [Take one. By comparison is meant a statement of similarities and dis- 
similarities, point by point, and not a mere account of one, followed by an 
account of the other.'] 

(a) Compare the administration of Jackson with that of Buchanan. 
{b) Compare the character of Calhoun with that of Douglas. 

Group B. [To test reading.] Choose pour. 

5. The Nullification controversy. 

6. [^Take one.~\ (a) The breach between Tyler and the whigs. 

(b) The election of 1844. 

7. \^ Take one.] (a) The Burns case. 

(6) The John Brown raid. 

8. Webster's position on the Compromise of 1850. 

9. The Fort Sumpter episode. 

10, \_Answer very briefly ; please arrange your answers in paragraphs, one 
for each topic] 

Explain six of the eight terms following : — 

(a) Albany regency. 

(b) Loco-focos. 

(c) Squatter sovereignty. 

(d) L'Amistad. 

(e) Hiilsemann affair. 
(/) English bill. 

(g) Peace Congress. 
(h) Civil Rights bill. 
11, 12, 13, 14. \_This counts as four questions.] 

Write a brief essay, in compact and logical form, with free illustrations 
from events, on the following subject : Why did slavery enter into national 
politics ? 



44 Final Examination Paper in History /j. 

Group C. Optional Questions. 

\^Nof to be substituted for any previous question.^ 

15. On the outline map indicate all the boundary controversies connected 
with Louisiana and Texas. 

16. [-Z>o not comment.'] Give a list of the important diplomatic relations 
with England from 1829 to 1870. 

17. The Kitchen Cabinet. 

§ 39. Examinations : — Specimen Papers ; — History 17, — Hour 
(1889). 

[Make your answers brief and to the point.] 

1. Wherein does the revenue-raising power of Congress under the Consti- 
tution differ from that which it had under the Confederation.? 

2, Give a brief account of the Louisiana purchase, and state exactly what 
territory it included. 

0. With what objects did the United States enter on the war of 1812.? 
Were those objects attained ? 

4. Explain in a few words : Jay's Treaty ; x t z affair ; Gunboat System ; 
36° 30.' 

§ 40. Examinations : — Specimen Papers ; — History 17, — Final 
(1S89). 

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Read the paper through before beginning to Avrite ; and observe carefully the 

folloAwing directions. 

[Take all the questions in Group A; take four questions in Group B. Having an- 
swered eight questions, jou are encouraged to try some of the optionals in Group C. 
Arrange your answers strictly in the order of the questions, and number them plainly 
with Arabic numerals. 

Group A. Required. 

1. How would you set about it to prepare a thesis on the following sub- 
ject: The ratification of the Jay treaty. Mention the books you would 
consult, and the methods you Avould pursue. What two books would you 
recommend as containing the best account of the subject.'' Have you used 
the general or topical readings } 



Final Examination Paper in History ij. 45 

2. \^Put your name on the face of your m.a'ps^ and fold hut once.'\ Show 
on the outline map in what parts of the United States slavery was allowed 
and in what parts it was forbidden on March 1, 1861. Indicate, in your 
book or on the map, in what manner slavery was established or forbidden in 
each j)art. 

3. [^By comparison is meant a statement of the points in common, and of 
dissimilarities, and not a mere account of one followed by an account of the 
other.'] Compare the administration of Jefferson with the administration of 
Jackson. 

4. The Kansas — Nebraska act. Its causes, piinciples, and political effects. 

Group B. [To test reading.] Choose four. 

5. Describe the Government of the Colonies. In what respects did it re- 
semble the present government of the States. 

6. What were the principal difficulties encountered in forming the Con- 
stitution (1787-1789). 

7. Jackson's war with the Bank. 

8. \_Take tuw.] Describe (a) the debates on abolition petitions. 

{p) the attempt to censure John Quincy 

Adams, 
(c) the Boston riot. 
{d) the Burns fugitive slave case. 

9. [^Take oyie.] Describe (a) the Kansas struggle. 

(&) the John Brown raid. 

10. \_Answer very briefly ; please arrange your answers in paragraphs, 
one for each topic] Explain six of the eight terms following : 

(a) Congressional Globe. 
(&) Stamp-Act Congress, 
(e) Kentucky resolutions. 

(d) Orders in Council. 

(e) Dred Scott Case. 
{f) Gag resolutions. 

{g) Fifty-four, forty ; or fight. 
(A) Corwin amendment. 

11, 12, 13, 14. \_T'his counts as four questions.] Comment on the fol- 
lowing passages from Spence's American Union, pp. 115-116 : — 

"It has been observed that the North had a clear right to act unanimously, 
and to win the election if it could. But there was more than this. They 



46 Final Examination Paper in History ij. 

selected as a candidate one whose well-known opinions were those, not of 
one impartial, ns between North and South, and prepared to rule with even 
hand both great divisions of the country, — but of an earnest and zealous 
partisan, a believer in opinions which, whether right or wrong, were held by 
one-half the country to imperil its existence. It is plain that no one can be 
qualified to act as President of the whole Union vv^ho is identified with opin- 
ions attacking the framework of half of it. A ruler is assumed to be above 
party; — it is essential to his functions to belong to no section. To elect one, 
unknown as a statesman, but known as a partisan, was to declare war against 
the other side. We are not now considering this election in the aspect of 
the Slavery question — that will follow — but as evidence of the determina- 
tion of the North to assume the power afforded by its numbers. Why not.'* 
The South had held it long enough, why not now the North.'' There is this 
difference. Power in the hands of the South threatens nothing in the North, 
seeks nothing from it, desires to disturb nothing in it. It is to the other 
side simply a negation, an absence from oftice. But power in the hands of 
the North, when acting, not as a party, but as a people, is then by no means 
a negative evil or disappointment, but a source of instant anxiety and dread. 
It is known that it will be aggressive, and that its immediate object will be to 
attack the interests or institutions of the South. Oliphant remarks : 'Power 
in the hands of the South affects the patronage of a political party in the 
North ; but power in the hands of the North affects the happiness of almost 
every individual in the South. The stakes are not equal. The North are 
playing for the triumph of a party, the South for all they hold dearest to 
them.' " 

Show from the previous history of the country how far this statement is 
justified. 

Group C. Optional Questions. ' 

\_Not to be substituted for any previous question.'] 

15. On the outline map show the additions to the territory of the United 
States from 1800 to 1860. State very briefly in what manner each was ac- 
quired. 

16. The character of Alexander Hamilton. 

17. The abolition of slavery. 






v- 













Unit: 










APPROXIMATE 

AREA OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

//V SQUARC MILES 



CALCULATED FROM rM£ C£,"/SUS OF 1880. 



1783 
1803 
fp05 



Acknowledged by treaty. 819. 815. 

LOUISIANA by treaty. (ijr,a,sputea;) 877.268. 

'Z5.948. 
treM 9.790. 



1319 Y^STFLORID.^ by treaty. 

1845 I TEXAS by Joint reso/ation. 

f84S I OREGO/^ claim confirmed by treaty. 

me \NEW MEXICO &CALIFORm by treaty "f 1^.439 

I (Apartcfauned by Teras.) 



sf 6r- Si 




I853\6ADSDEN purchase by treaty ^7.330. 

1867 \ ALASKA dy treaty \53/.'h09. 

PRES£Afr AREA, .... 3,50/, W9. 

'^' 9? W" 80^ St^ TT' 



ptBEI^T BUSHI7Elili 



^ 



f.^ /__■ ^ - ~ - . /7^1 






/ /, , ^ . - / 7 ^ f 



I ''^V'V^^i^*-*^} 









^ i0<Aj^\ 



' C?ot 






. <*..-w»^''*' 







/-Axil ' ^1^ ^^ y r / / 

w HISTORY I3'& 17 




OPICAL OUTLINE 



OF THE COURSES IN 



Constitutional and Political History 



UNITED STATES 

•GIVEN AT HARVARD COLLEGE IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 

1888-1889 



ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. 



PART I. (1783-1829) 



CAMBRIDGE: 
W. H. Wheeler, Printer. 



4'i^P 



^^ 



ooy 



O-Hf 



I 

■ 2 

3 

4 

5 
6 



9 

TO 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 



METHODS OF THE COURSES. 

§ 1. Methods. — Historical study general. 

Stanley Hall, Met hods of Teaching and Studying History.) 
A systematic plan ot" study. 
Selection of historical courses. 
Order of historical courses. 
Systematic arrangement of study liours. 
The use of libraries. 
The use of bibliographical helps. 
The use of books. 
The use of dates. 
The use of maps. 
The use of graphic illustrations. 

§ 2. Methods. — Work of the Librarian. 

1. The card catalogue: IV. C Lane's ''Subject Catalogue U.S. 

History . 

2. Other catalogues and aids. 



General reference books. 

Periodicals. 

Atlases. 

Congressional debates. 

''Reserved books." 

"Selected books." 

The -Stack." 

lo. Special reference library in United States History. Work of 
Students, § i8. 

§ 3. Methods.— Work of the Investigator. 
Detailed suggestions will be found in the Circular on the Work of 
Students, §§ 20-28, 32-33. 

1. Choice of a subject. 

2. Search for authorities. 

3. Taking notes. 



Methods of Historical Study. 2 

4. Arrangement of material. 

5. Composition. 

6. Bibliographical notes. 

§ 4. Methods. — Work of the instructor. 

Object of instruction. 
Arrangement of the course. 

3. Preparation ofthe "Outline." 

4. Lectures: Work of Students^ §§ ."^-T- 

5. Description ofthe work of students. 

6. Graphic illustrations. 
References. 
Reservation of books. 

9. Answering questions. 
10. Advice. 
II . Current topics. 

§ 5. Methods.— "Work ofthe Student: W. of S., § i. 

A circular has been prepared containing directions and suggestions 
for the students in History 13, 17, and 20(d), together witli lists of 
lectures, of general readings, and of books desirable to own. 

1. Object. 

2. Attendance : Work of Students, § 4. 

3. Note-taking: Work of Students, § 5. 

4. Flistoncal geography : Work of Students, § 9. 

5. Reading: Work of Students, § § lO-iS. 

6. '"Special Reports": Work of Students, W 19-27. 

7. Memorizing: Work of Students, § 28. 

8. Written exercises : Work of Students, § 30. 

9. Current topics : Work of Students, §39. ' 

10. Examinations : Work of Students, §§ 34-38. 

11. Qj^iestions. 

12. Lectures: Work of Students, § 8. 

13. Theses : Work of Students, §§ 31-33. 

§ 6. Methods.— The Outline. 

This "Outline" is prepared for the use of students in the courses 
in the Histor}' ofthe United States, at Harvard College, and under 
the Society for the Cillegiate Instruction of Women. Students are ex 



Dcscriptloi/ of the OiitUiie. 3 

pected to keep it before them during the lectures, as an anahsis of 
the subject at that moment under discussion. Outside the lecture- 
room it is intended to aid the student in various ways : it is a sum- 
mar}' of the course ; it indicates precisely the reading necessar}' in 
connection with each topic ; and references more detailed are often 
introduced, as a guide to an investigation of a particular topic, deeper 
than is necessary in the work of the class, or for use after leaving 
collecre. 

§ 7. The Outline.— Form. 

The outline is divided into topics, consecutivelv numbered : the 
sequence is logical, but not always chronological. Appended to most 
of the topics is a list of specific references bearing upon that topic; 
these are arranged in the order of their value to the student, the 
reterences considered best coming first. The following special char- 
acters are used : Bibl. indicates a bibliography ; "indicates the full 
text of a document; A indicates significant extracts; □ indicates 
an abstract. Very important topics or subjects are pointed out by 
an asterisk (*). The paragraph (§)refers, by number, to topics in 
the outline. 

§ 8. The Outline— Use. 

The student wdl be expected to read one of the references under 
each topic; where a particular reference is denoted by an asterisk 5t 
is considered of especial value. They are advised so to arrange their 
reading as to acquaint themselves with a number of different writers. 
In order to furnish sufficient books, every work cited will be reserved 
in Alcove No. 9 of the Reading Room of the College Library, or in 
the Reference Librarj/ in United States History. Duplicate or trip- 
licate sets of the most im")ortant books will be provided. 

AUTHORITIES. 

§ 9. Authorities .—Classification by origin. 

In later paragraphs will be found the titles of a very few selected 
works under som'e of the heads given below. 
I. Helps. 

1. Books on historical methods. 

2. Bibliography. 



Classijicatioii of Authorities^ 



Ty. Chronology. 

4. Compendiums. 

5. Compilations. 

6. Maps and atlases. 

II. Secondary- 

1. General histories 

2. Local histories. 

3. Special histories. 

4. Biographies. 

5. Monographs. 

6. Periodicals. 

7. General literature. 

in. Sources. 



9- 
10. 



Archives. 

Printed records. 

Collection of documents and speeches. 

Collections of societies. 

Works of statesmen. 

Autobiography, and published reminiscences. 

Contemporar}' literature. 

Contemporary newspapers and periodicals. 

Private manuscript. 

Personal reminiscences. 





§ 10 Authorities. 


Classification by subject. 


I. 


Methods and : 


ippliances. 


I. 


Methods and appliances 


2. 


Geography. 




2. 


Authorities. 


3- 


States and loc 


al. 


3- 


Geography. 


4. 


Personal. 




4- 


Social. 


5- 


Constitutional. 




5- 


Constitutional. 


6. 


Political. 




6. 


States. 


7- 


International. 




7- 


Political. 


8. 


Military. 




8. 


International. 


9- 


Economic. 




9- 


Economic. 


10. 


Social. 








II. 


Slaverv. 









Select AutJ/orities : Helps. 5 

§ 11. Authorities. — Helps. — Selected Works. 

Books on historical methods. 
Charles Kendall Adams : Ma una I of Historical Literature. 
G. Stanley Hall: Methods of teaching- and studying History . 
Hall and Mansfield : Hints tozvard a Bibliography of Edtication . 

Chronology. 
1492-1883. Ploetz : Epitome of Universal History. 
Compendiums. 

Cluskey : Political Text-Book. 

Cooper: American Polities. 

Encyclopaedia Americana. 

Lai or. : Cvclo-paedia of Political Science. 

^ezL' American Cyclopaedia. 

Encyclopaedia Britannica (^especially Art. United States) . 

Compilations. 
Annual American Cyclopaedia. 
American Alman ac. 
Statistical Abstract {^larterly). 
Tribune Almanac. 
Whig' Almanac. 

Maps and Atlases. 
Cass's Map of the United States {for the zuall). 
Colto)i's Atlas. 
Land Office Map ($1.50). 
Labhcrton's Historical Atlas. 
MitchelVs Atlas. 
Scribners Statistical Atlas. 

% 12. Authorities. — Helps. — Select Bibliographies. 

Charles K. Adams: in his Manual of Historical Literature. N. Y. 

Harper & Brothers, 1882. 
fohn G. Allen: Topical Studies in American History. Rochester, 

Scrantom, Wetmore & Co., 1885. 
William F. Allen : History Topics for the use of LL'gh Schools and 

Collcp-es. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1886. 



Select Bibliiig'raphies. 6 

Boston Alhcnieum : Catalogue of the Library. Boston, 1874-1882. 

Brooklyn Library; Catalogue . Brookl}'!!, 1877-1880. 

[^(Jharlcs F. Dunbar^: Folitical Economy VII J. \^I I islorx of Fi- 
nancial Legislation in the Uirited States. ~\ [Cambridge, printed 
by William H. Wheeler, 1886.] 

\_Cha) les F. Dunbar^: Topics and References in Political Econ- 
omy., /v. [^Economic History of Europe and America since the 
Seven Tears'' War.~\ Cambridge, William H. Wheeler, 1885. 
William E. Foster: Monthly Reference Lists. N. Y. 1881-1884. 
William E. Foster : References to the History of Presidential Ad- 
ministrations. N. Y., Society lor Political Education. 1885. 

Albert B . Hart: Outlines of Courses given at Harvard College: 
//AVoyj 13, r^'«;-5 1883-84, 1884-85, 1885-86, 1886-87. History 
18, rertr 1885-86. Cambridge, William H.Wheeler, 1883-1887. 

Harvard College Library : Card Catalogue; Authors ar.d Sttbjects. 

Alexander Johnston : American Politics., pp. viii-x. Holt. N. Y., 
1885. 

Alexander fohnston : Bibliographies appended to various articles in 
Lalors Cyclopaedia of Political Science. Chicago, Andrews, 
1881-1884^ 

Leypoldt''s American Catalogue. New York, 1881-1885. 

Library of Congress : Catalogue; Subject Index. Washington, 
Government Printing Office, 1869. 

Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore : Catalogue of the Li- 
brary [AtoL]. Baltimore, 1883. 

W. F. Poole: Index to Periodical Literature. Boston, 1882-1886. 

Be)i Perley Poore : Descriptive Catalogue of Govcrvment Publica- 
tions. Washington, 1885. 

Public Library of the City of Boston : Catalogue of the Books in 
Bates Hall, and Supplement. Boston, 1861-1866. 

yohn T. Short: Historical Reference Lists. Columbus, A. H. 
Smythe, 1882. 

Martin L. Smith: Brief Compend of the History of the U. S. 
Boston and New York, Leach, Shewell and Sanborn, 1886. 

State Library of Massachusetts : Catalogue. Boston, Rand, Avery 
& Co., 1880. 



Sc/eji ScroNdary Works. 7 

\_Fra)ik \V. Taiissig\: Topics and References in Polilical Econoiny, 
VI. \^Histurv of Tariff Legislation in the United Siatcs~\. Cam- 
bridge, William H. Wheeler, 1886. 

George A. Williams : Topics and References in American History. 
Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen, 1886. 

§ 13. Authorities. — Secondary.— Selected "Works. 

G-aneral Histories. Tlie most important general works are men- 
tioned in the pamphlet on the "Work of Students," §§ 13-17. 

Local Histories. A good list of selected State histories will be 
found in \V. F. Allen s History Topics^ p. — ; and there is a brief 
bibliography at the end of each article upon a State in Lalors Cyclo- 
paedia. The American Commo)nvealth Series is particularly rec- 
ommended. 

Biographies. Select lists of biographies useful in the study of 
American history are printed in W. F. Allen's History Topics, p. 
— ; and in yo/niston's American Politics, p. ix. The most uselul 
biograpliies for the student are tliose in the American Statesmen 
Series. 

Monographs- Valuable monographs on various topics con- 
nected with American history — chieflv on administrative and local 
government — are contained in tne 'John Hopkins University Studies, 
in the Wharton School Annals, and in the publications of the Ameri- 
can Historical Association. Ver^- many may be found in the collec- 
tions and proceedings of learned societies. 

Periodicals. 

In the following periodicals are to be found very valuable articles 
on the histor}- of the United States. Poole's Index is a key to most 
of them, and there are numerous special indexes. 

Andover Reviezu 

Atlantic IMonthly. 

Bihlioth eca Sacra . 

Centnry Magazine. 

Galaxy. 

Harper's Monthly. 

International Review. 

Magazine of American History . 



Select Sources. 8 

JVafioii. 

JVczv Princeton Reviczv. 

JVczv Eno-Jandcr. 

Niles' Weekly Rrgistci'. 

Noi'th American Rcviezu. 

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and BiograpJiy . 

Political Science ^larterly . 

^tarterly yoitrnal of Economics. 

Scrihncrs MontJily. 

§ 14. Authorities. — Sources. — Selected Works. 

Collection of documents and speeches- 
Francis Bozvcn : Documents from Magna C/iarta to ijSg. 
Alexander Johnston : Representative American Oratioiis. 
H. Niles : Principles and Acts of the Revolution. 

H. W. Preston: Pocnmoits illustrative of American History . ^ ^ 
Ben Peer ley Poore : Charters and Constitutions. Uh. Cw**^'ii^'^^ - ^^^ 
E. Willianis: Statesman's Manual. -WwCfV^^Tv^U ^J..^^V->^ 

Works of Statesmen- 
The most important set.s of collected works are those of John Adams, 
Calhoun, Clay, Eranklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Jay, Jefferson, 
Madison, Seward, John Sherman, Sumner, Washington and Web- 
ster. 

Autobiography and reminiscence- 
J lUeresting books, more or less autobiographical have been written W 
b\' John ^tincy Adams, S. S. Cox, S. G. Goodrich, Plorace Gree- 
ley, James A. Hamilton, G. W. Julian. Amos Kendall, E. D. 
Keyes, Samuel J. May, Ben Perley Poore, Josiah ^lincy, Win- 
lield Scott, W. A. Sezvard, John Trunihull, and Thurlotv Weed. -**' 

§ 15. Authorities.— Sources — Records of Congress. 

A. Journals of Congress. 
1775-1788. Journals and Secret Journals. 
1789-1885. House Journals and Senate Journals. 



Records of the United States. 9 

B. Official Reports of the Debates in Congress. 

1 789-1823. Annals 0/ Congress. 

1824-1837. Congressional Debates. 

1 833-1 873. Congressional Globe. 

1873-X. Congressional Record. 

1 789-1850. Benton'' s Abridg?nent. 16 Vols. 

c. Documents. 

1786-1815. American State Papers (octavo). 

1789-1859. American Slate Papers (folio). 

1789-X. '•'•Public Docimients'' : quoted b}' sessions of Cong. 

a. '•'Executive Documents'" (Senate and House). 

b. ^'•Reports'' (Senate and House). 

c. '•^Miscellaneous''' (Senate and House). 

d. '•'• Documents.'''' 

D. Statutes. 

§ 16. Authorities. — Records of the Executive. 

^775"^- Archives of the departments. 

1789-X. President's Messages (in the Reports of Debates, at the 

beginning of each session) ; also in Executive Docu- 
ments and Messages and Documents : reprinted in 
Williams'' Statesman" s Manual {to 1849). 

1778-1885. •'■Treaties and Conventions.'' 

1789-1885. Departmental publications and reports. 

1790-1880. Census publications. 

§ 17. Authorities. — Judicial Records. 

1789-1885. I. Statutes at Darge. 

2. Revised Statutes. 
1790-1885. 3. Official Reports of the Decisions of the Supreme 

Court. 
1 790-1 800. Dallas. 
1 800-1 81 5. Cranch. 
1816-1827. Wheaton. 
1827-1842. Peters. 
1 843-1 860. Howard. 
1 860-1863. Black. 
1863-1875. Wallace. 




'I'll, 

'^ff-M.ta 4tUiZ' nuih^ A til Su-fC-^ 



What is History? 10 

1875-X. Otto. 

1781-1854. Curtis. 
1854-1862. Miller. 

4. Digests. 

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTIONS. 
§ 18 Preliminary Conceptions. — What is History? 

I- Basis 01 investigation- 

Theoiy of natural science: Buckle's History of Civilization. 
Theory of study of the individual. 

II. Form of presentation- 
Annals. 
Biograpliies. 
Special histories. 
General histories. 

III- Point of view- 

Military. 

Political. 

Diplomatic. 

Economic. 

Social. 

Institutions. 

An involuntary expression of national character. 

Bearing on the most important phases of human life. 

Importance in the discovery of causes. 

Reflex influence on history. 

IV- Use of History. 

Experience of National development. 
x\cquaintance with human nature. 
Moral training. 

V- Interest of American history- 

§ 19. Preliminary Conceptions.— What is Politics? 

Lalor''s CyclofcBdia., iii. 268-278. ' 
Greek conception. 
German conception. 
American conception. 
Relations of parties to history. 



What is a Constitution? 11 

§ 20. Preliminary conceptions. — What is a Constitution? 

"Jameson's Constitutional Convention, 66-84 ; I^ieber, On Civil 
JLiherty and Self Government, i. 324-325 ; Tiffany's Constitutional 
Lazv, 28; Cooley^s Constitutional Limitations, 11. 

I. Definitions. 

II. Objective form. 

I. Absolute monarch}^. 

Limited monarchy. *ii«'^^£^>»*Hs'*' » 

Representative democracy. '^ 
Pure d e m c ) c r a cy . 

III. Unwritten. 

Origin. 
Objections to. 
Alterations in. 

IV. Written: yamtsoii's Constitutional Convention, 75-82 : Maey 

157-159- 
Orig-in. 

Inadequacy. 

Interpretation. 

Essential conditions. 

Connection with history. 

V. Interest of the Constitution of the United States. 
Development of English institutions. 

Influence on federation. 

Influence on republicanism. 

Influence on the history of the United States. 

§ 21. Preliminary conceptions. — What is a State? 
Woolsefs Political^ Science, i. 139-198 ; Crane ds Moses, 3-5. 
I. Territory. 

People. 

Orcranism. 

Direction. 

Constitution. 

Purpose. 

§ 22. Preliminary conceptions. — What is a Federal State? 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 571-574; Tucker's Blackstone, i. 71-75; 
Washington's Works, ix. 534-538. 



Whai is or are tJie United States? 12 

Policy of general hostility. 

Policy of alliances. 

Policy of balance of jiower. 

Policy of confederation (Staatenbund). 

Policy of federal union (Biindesstaat). 

§ 23. Preliminary conceptions. — What are or is the United 
States? 

See §§ 87-92; Von Hoist's Coiistitittional Lazv, § 1^, pp. 47-50. 
Connection with early institutions. 
Connection with the world's histor\'. 
Ebb and flow of the spirit of union. 
Contests between the central and local powers. 
Division of parties on the question of nationalization. 
Principal political theories. 

State sovereignty. 

National sovereignty. 

National supremacy and local autonomv. 

§ 24 (1492-1885.) Preliminary conceptions. — Course of 
American History. 

Draper's Civil War in America., i. 35-38. 

I. (1492-1750.) Colonization. 
1 492-1606. Discovery. 
1606-1689. Settlement. 
1689-1750. Development. 
1750-1755. Colonial institutions. 

II. (1750-1789.) Revolution. 
1754-1763. French and Indian War. 
1763-1775. Qiiarrel with England. 
1775-1783. Revolutionary war. 
1778-1787. The Confederation. 
1787-1789. Tl^e Constitution. 

III. (1789-1829.) Federation. 
1789-1801. Organization (Washington and John Adams.) 



Periods in Atnericau Histor-\\i8i^2-i88§^ . 13 

2. 1801-1815. Foreign complications (Jefferson and Madison). 

3. 1815-1829. Consolidation (Monroe and J. Q^ Adams). 

IV. (1829-1831.) Slavery. 

1829-1841. Administration (Jackson and Van Buren). 
1841-1849. Ten-itorial questions (T^ler and Polk). 

3. 1849-1853. The Compromise (Taylor and Fillmore). 

4. 1853-1860. The Slavery Conflict (Pierce and Buchanan). 

5. 1860-1861. Secession (Lincoln). 

V. (1861-1885.) Union. 
1861-1865. The Civil War (Lincoln). 
1865-1877. Reconstruction (Johnson and Grant). 
1877-1885. Administrative questions (Haj'es and Arthur). 



BASIS OF TITE UNITED STATES. 

§ 25. (1750.) Basis of the United States.— The Land. 

1606-1750. Ph3'sical Geography ot' North America: Draper^ i. 



3.8.-48- ^Vv^'^ . 

1606-1750. Political Divisions of North America: Maf. O 

1750. External boundaries of the British Colonies : Map. 

1750. Internal division of the British Colonies : ]\lap. 

1750. Question of title to the soil. 

Climate of North America : Draper^ i. 48-59. 

Resources of North America : Di'aper., i. 59-62. 

Geology of North America : Draper^ i. 63-79. 

Staple Crops of North America : Draper., i. 85-88, 

§ 26. (1750.) Basis of the United States.— The Peope. 

Lodoe's Enoiish Colonics in America, ch. 11, ch. xviii ; McMas- 
ters History of the People of the United States, i. c/i. i : Crane and 
Moses, 81-85. 

1606-1750. Sources of immigration — races. 
1606-1750. Character of the Anglo-Saxon race. 
1750. The population : Diagram. 
T750. Distribution of population : Map. 

Eftect of climate: Draper, i. 89-125. 



English InfiitcTicc on tJic Colonics 14 

§27. (1750.) Basis of the United States.— English Consti- 
tution. 

449-1689. Historical ^■ie\v. 

1680-1750. Theory of the British constitution. 
1689-1750. Conventional view: Montcsquieits jEspril dcs Lois, 

Liv, XI. chap. i-vi. 
1750. Actual constitution of England. 
1888. Present " " " Macy, 150-157. 

§ 28. (1750.) Basis of the United States.— English free in 
stitutions. 

Fro t]ii]igha Ills' s Rise of the Republic. 11-32 ; Bancroft's U. S. 11. 
ch. XVII ; Story's Commentaries, §§ 146-188; Crane d: Moses, 88-91 ; 
Alacy, 1-8. 

1. Rights of Englishmen. 

2. English representative institutions. 

3. Principle of local self-government. 

§ 29. (1750) Basis of the United States —English control 
of the Colonies. 

Lccky's England, 11. 2, iii. 272, 299; Bancroft's U. S. iii. 1-12, 

100-108; Bancroft's U. S. (last rev.), 11. 70-85. 
Control by the (I^rovvn. 
Conti'ol by the Board of Trade. 
Control b\- Parliament. 
Desire to extend control. 

§ 30. (1750.) Basis of the United States.— English Commer- 
cial System. 

Leckv's England, 11. 8-12 ; Seeley's Expansion of England, 62-72 ; 
Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), 11. 238-251 ; Lecky's England, iii. 5-11 : 
Higginson's U. S. 216-240. 

Navigation acts. 

Restraints on internal industr}^ 

Principles of taxation. 



Colonial Institutions {i^S^)- ^'^ 

§31. (1750.) Basis of the United States. — Colonial gov- 
einment. 

Story's Coniuientarics, §§ 159^68, 171^178; Lcckfs England., i\. 
1-5; Channing in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Am. Supplement; 
Porters Outlines of U. S. Constitutional History , 1-35 : Crane and 
, Moses, 91-125. 
Division into Charter, proprietar}' and provincial governments. 
General form of colonial governments. 
Svstem of representation. 
Legislative powers. 
Executive powers : veto. 

Colonial judiciarv : judicial consiruction of laws. 
Colonial jurisprudence. 
Colonial land-tenures. 
Inter-colonial relations. 

§ 32. (1750 ) Basis of the United States.— Local govern- 
ment. 

Channing's Tozun and County Government {in 'Johns Hopkins 
University Studies, 11. JVo. 10) ; //. E. Adams' Germanic Origin. 
of New England Tozuns {in "jo/ins Hopkins University Studies. 1. 
JVo. 2) ; Frothinghanis Rise of the Eepublic, 13-32 ; Macy, 8-12. 
EuLrlish orio'in of local ••■overnment in the colonies. 
County system. 
Town and parish system. 
Borough system. 
Effect of local government on development. 

§ 33. (1753.) Basis of the United States. — Colonial life. 

Leckvs England, 11. ti-21 ; Draper's Civil War, i. 146-171. 

Industries of the Colonies. 
Political character of the colonists. 
Social lite in the Colonies. 

The Colonial press. 

Education. 

Religious life. 
Slavery : IVilson's Slave Poiver, i. 1-7. 
Slave trade : Schuyler, 233-234. 
Spirit of union and independence. 









n 



Z7 



Union of the Co/on ies {idoy-iyy^). 16 

ORIGIN OF THE UNION (1754-1781). 

Von Holsl's Constitui'ional Law^ §, 2, pp. 3-7 ; Woohev's Political 
Science, 11. 236-243. 

§34. (1607-1775.) Colonial Union.— Elements. 

Frothi}igha)iis Rise of the Republic^ 11-14; Leckys England, tii. 
279-300 : Draper''s Civil War, i. 159-164, 253-265 ; Woohcy's 
Political Science, u. 236-238; Crane and Afoses, 126-134. 
1606-1750. Tendencies to Union : Colonial Outline, .§ 335. 
1750-1755. Difficulties of Union : Colonial Outline, § 422. 
1750-1755. Reasons for Union : Colonial Outline, § 422. 
1750-1775. Connection ot Union and Independence. 

§ 35. (1643-1750.) Colonial Union —Schemes. 

Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 7-8; Bancroft's Const/t^tion , i. 
6-8; Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. loio, 111.992; Lodge's Colonies. 351- 
358 ; Porter s Outlines, 36-37 ; Woolsey s Political Science , 11. 238-240. 
1643-1684. "The United Colonies of New England" : Map; Colo- 
nial Outline, §§ 171-175. 
1690. Leisler's Convention : Map; Colonial Outline, § 337. 
1690-1750. Joint Indian treaties : Colonial Outline, § 339. 
1690-1750. English suggestions and plans : Colonial Outline, § 338. 
1 690-1750. Suggestions of Colonial governors : Colonial Outline, 

§§ ZZ'^^ 341- 
§36. (1754-1774.) Colonial Union— Experience. 

Curtis' Constitution, i. 7-27 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 45. iii. 633, 
787, 636, 1. 589-590; Lodge's Colonies, 476-491 ; Bancroft's U. S. 
{last rev.), vi.S-io; Bancroft's Constitution, i. 8-1 1; Hildreth's 
U. S. II. 442-444, 529-531, in. 38-46; Frothinghanls Rise of tJie 
Repuhlic, 130-150, 177-189, 358-381 ; Draper's Civil War, i. 257- 
25d; Woolsey's Political Science n. 240-242. f jJl ■ , ' 

1754. Congress of Albany : Colonial Outline, § ?>^(^^ufZSi!tr2C-i,^liJ^ 
1 754-1 763. Joint action in the French and Indian WarS^. Jr^'U/*J-.^>'-?" 
1765. SLamp Act Congress: Colonial Outline. § 379^3^1^4^;^'^J,r^i5'^./V/ 



1772-1773. Committees of Correspondence : Colon ial Ou tliiic,'Yz 9?r~\^/f'**^ 
1774. First Continental Congress : Colonial Outline, §§ 404-4o8|^^^^;:>— 1* , 
1774. Union still voluntarv.^^'^^^S^*^ '^tf*\^^ j'i^jJiSjSlt 311* 

§37. (1775-1781.) The Union. — A general government in 
the Continental Congress. 

Story's Coninioitarics, §§ 203-205, 212-214; Curtis' Constitution, 
I. 28-39, 61-62 ; Prothinghajn's Rise of the Republic, 417-420, 428- 



"f . v^wttv-fcj/^ «-v»^ 






Union and Independence {j6go-i'/'/6.^ 



17 



439,459^-460. 484-489; Morse's 'John Adams, 86-91, 114-115, and 
lllorses Jcfer son", 21-2^ X IlildrclJis U. S. ni. 76-79, 87-88: Wool- 
sey's Political Science, 11. 242-243. 

i775_. May 10. Meeting of the Second Continental Congress : Colo- 
nial Outline, § 426. 
1775. Derivation of its authority : Colonial Outline, §§ 423-424. 
1775. Recommendations to the States: Colonial Outline, § 427. 
I775"i78i- Assumption of sovereign powers: Colonial Outline^ 
§ 429- 

§ 38 (1775-1776.) The Union.— Constitutional Origin. 

Story's Comnientarics, §§ 201, 213-216; Von Holsfs U. S. i. 1-13 ; 
Curtis' Constitution, i. 39-41 ; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 589-592 ; 11. 
931-932: Bancroft's U. S. {first ed.) vii. 353-357; Macy, 164-168. 
BiBL. : Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 592. 

1. Theory of delegation by independent colonies. 

2. Theory of government de jure founded on the sovereignty of the 

American people. 

3. Theorv of government de facto, founded on popular consent. 

ORIGIN OF INDEPENDENCE (1750-1781). 

§39. (1690-1775.) Independence— Elements. 

FrothingJioni's Rise of the Republic, 30-31, 154- 197^,200, 403-406. 

1690-1750. Character of the Anglo-Saxon Race. 

1690-1750. Principles of local independence. 

1690-1750. Predictions of independence : Colonial Outline, § 445. 

1750-1763. Effect of the French and Indian War. 

1763-1775. Effect of the cession of Canada. 

1763-1775. Effect of the British commercial system. 

1 763-1 775. Effect of the dispute on taxation. 

1763-1775. Influence of Sam Adams and others: Colonial Outline, 

§ 446. 
1763-1775. Renewed predictions: Colonial Outline, §§ 445-446. 
1775. Lo^•alt^' to the Crown at the outbreak of the Revolution. 

§ 40. (1772-1775.) Independence. — Preliminary steps. 

Frothiughani's Rise of the Republic, 422-425,441-455, 463-484, 
489-490, 499-538; Hildreth's U. S. iii. 124-126, 131-136 ; Bryant 



The Declaration of Iiidepc.ndcnce {i773-i77<^-) \'^ 

and Gay's U. S. in. 471-4S4 ; J/6»/'5r'5 yo/iu Adams, S^t^-^^G, 103-129; 
Bancrqffs U. S. {last rev.), \x . 310-332, 422-425, 436-451 ; Jliggin- 
son's U. S. 265-273. 
1773-1774. Local resoliilion.s fa\oring. 

1775. May 31. jVIecklenburg Resolutions : Colonial Outline, § 445- 
Oct. 31. News of the rejection of the petition by the Crown. 
Nov. 3. Advice to New Hampshire to form a government. 

1776. Mar. -June. Instructions of the States. 

May 16. Adams' resolution for suppressing royal authority. 
June i-ii. Lee's resolution for independence, alliance and 

confederation. 
June 2S-July 2. Lidependence voted : Colonial Outline, § 446. 

§ 41. (1776.) Independence. — The Declaration. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 20-35 '■> Cnrtis' Constitution, i. 51-52 ; Froth- 
inghanii. Rise of the Republic, 539-548, 553-560; Higginsons U. S. 
268-2^6 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 734-746, 11. 743-745 : Morse's 'Jef- 
ferson, 26-40. BiBL. : Preston, 211 : "^Preston, 21 1-2 17. 
Origin of the ideas : Colonial Outline, § 450. 
Authority for making it. 
Question of the slave-trade. 
Anah'sis of the Declaration : Colonial Outline, § 452. 

a. The preamble. 

b. Statement of "self-evident truths.'' 

c. Statement of grievances. 

d. Appeal to "o'ur British bretliren." 

e. Statement of independence. 
Who was made independent.'' 

§ 42. (1775-1778.) Independence.— Birth of the States. 

Hildretlis U. S. iii. 69-74, 76, 89-95, 113-118, 126-131, 135, 161, 
183-185, 374-395 ; Story's Comnientaries, §§ 208-212 ; Frothinghanis 
Rise of the Republic, 441-444, 447-449, 450-451, 481-482, 491-493, 
564-568; Higginsons U. S. 293-295. 

1774-1775. Colonial government dissolved : Colonial Outline, § 439. 
1775-1776. New state governments recommended by Congress : 

Colonial Outline, § 440. 
1775-1777. Formation of new state governments : Colonial Outline, 

§441- 
1 775-1 78 1. Why were the States republics? Colonial Outline, § 442. 



The States. — The Coufedc ratio// (^lyy^-iySi^. 19 

1775-1777- Form ofthe State constitutions : Colonial OutIii/c, § 444 
1775-1781. Were the States sovereign? Coloi/ial Outline, § 443. 

§ 43. (1775-1781.) Independence and union. — Is the Union 
older than the States? 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 5-22, 27-36; Curtis' Constitution, i. 39-40 
1 16-122; Sage s Republic of Republics, 2'~jdf-2%6\ Story's Commen- 
taries, §§ 212-217; Stephens, i. 54-81 ; Von Tlolsfs Constitutional 
Lazv, 6-8. 

1. *Parlicularist view : Calhouiis Works, \. 190. 

2. *Vievv of a temporar}' alliance : Jefferson in Von Hoist, i. 7 n. 

3. *National view: Lincoln in Congressional Globe, 1861, Special 
Sessio//, Appei/dix. 

4. Was there a "people?'* Davis' Co)/fed. Govt., i. 1 14-120. 

ORIGIN OF THE FEDERAL UNION (1776-1781). 

§ 44. (1776-1778.) The Confederation.— Elements. 

Von Hoist's U. S., I. 13-19: Story's Com/ne//taries, §§ 243-244; 
Hildreth's U. S. 111. 397-399 ; Frothinghani's Rise of the Republic, 
569-571 : Crai/e a// d Moses, 1 35-1 41. 
Nature of federal government. 
Ancient confederacies. 

Swiss, Dutch, and German confederacies. 
Colonial confederacies. 
Necessity of some central government. 
Effect of common Enirlish control. 
DifHculties of forming an acceptable plan: Coloi/ial Outline, § 489. 

§45. (1776-1781.) The Confederation.— Formation and rat- 
ification. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 591-592 ; Story's Con///ientaries, §§ 222-224 ' 
226, 259;;; Curtis' Constitution, i. 104, 113-114, 124-140, 491-492, 
498-507 ; Bai/croft's U. S. {last rev.) ]v. 243-244, 260, 316-317 ; v. 
10-15, 283-284; Donaldson's Public Domain, 59-60, 146; Draper, 
I. 260-265. BiBL. : Prestoi/'s Docs. 219; '^Preston, 219-231. 
1775-1777. The three drafts : Colonial Outlii/e, ^^(^o. 

1776. Q^iestion of representation for slaves. 

1777. Question of the public lands. 

Nov. 10. The articles submitted to the States. « 

1778. Conquest of the Northwest: Colonial Outline, § 494. 



The Articles of Coufedcrathn {ijy8-ij88). 20 

1778-1781. Ratification delay.ed b}- Maryland: Colonial Outline, 

§ 495- 
1 78 1. Mar. I. The articles in effect. 

§ 4S. (1781.) Articles of Confederation.— Discussion. 

Curtis' Constitution, 149-151 ; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.) v. 199- 
208 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 20-24 ' FrothiMghani's Rise of the Repub- 
lic. 576-577 ; Pollard's Lost Cause, 35-37 ; Stephens, i. 50-54 ; Von 
Ilolsfs Constitutional Law, 7-1 1. 

1 781. *The text : ° 'Johnston'' s American Politics, 248-261. 
1 781. ^Summary : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 574-575 ; Curtis' Constitu- 
tion, i. 142-149; Story's Commentaries, §§ 229-242; Schoulers U. 
S. I. 16-17; □ Woolscy's Political Science, 11. 243-245. 

1. Comparison with Congress. 

2. Comparison with the former English sj'stem. 

3. Comparison with the Constitntion. 

§ 47. (1781.) Articles of Confederation.— Defects. 

Curtis' Constitution, i. 146-149, 221-223; Story's Com/uentaries, 
§§ 245-271, 265; Bancroft's U. S. (last rev.), v. 454-455, 508; 
Schouler s U. S. i. 16-17 ; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 575-576 ; Stephens, 
1.82-90; Von Hoist's Constitutional Law, 10-15; Woolsey's Political 
Science, it. 245-248. 

1. In form. 

2. In powers granted. 

3. In means of carrying out its powers. 

§48. (1781-1788.) The Confederation.— Organization. 

Hildreth's U. S. in. 401-404, z}.53-454, 456 ; Bancroft's U. S. 
{last rev.), v. 508, vi. 25, 122-123 '•> Bancroft's Constittition, i. 1,6, 
164-167. 

Congress : members and ways of doing business. 
Election of members and instructions. 
The President of Congress. 
Executive boards and heads of departments. 
Committee of States. 

TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS (1781-17S9). 
§ 49. 1750-1783. Territory.— Exterior Boundaries. 

1750. Extent of the English colonies: Map. 
1763. Extent of the English colonies: Map. 
Treaty of 1783; Fisheries: Schuyh-r, in. 404-408. 



Cess/o)/s of Territory {iy8i-j802) . 21 

1783, Boundaries by the treaty of peace: Map. 

1783. Unsettled questions. 

1 783-1842. (i) Main boundary. 
1783-1796. (2) Western posts. 
I783"i795- (3) Spanish boundary. 
1 783-1818. (4) Northwest boundary. 
1781-1803. Area of the United States. 

§50. (1781-1802). Territory.— Northwest cessions. 

Donaldson's Public Domain^ ^'i~lSi 86-87, ^^i : Lalor's Cyclopae- 
dia^ III. 914-917 ; Blunt's Historical Sketch, 73-85 ; Curtis' Consti- 
tution, I. 295-296, 299-301; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 96, 
165-166, 279-280; Bancroft's Constitution, i. 122-128, 225-226, 11. 
100-102 ; Ilildrct/i's l^. S. iii. 426, 448-449, 456, 462. 

BiBL. : WiJisors JIand-Book, 296. 

1775-1781. Advance of western settlement: Colonial Outline, §§ 

357' 519- 
1 781. The claims of the states. , 

1781. Mar. I. (i) New York cession : Map. 

1784. Mar. I. (2) Virginia cession: Map. 
Mar. 13. (3j Massachusetts cession : Map. 

1786. Sept. 19. (4) Connecticut cession : Map. 

1800. April 28. (5) Connecticut cession of the Western Reserve. 

1781-1802. Area of ceded territory. 

§ 51. (1781-1802). Territory. — Southwestern cessions. 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 75-81, 86-88, 161-163 ; Lalor's Cyclo- 
paedia, III. 917-918; Blunt's Historical Sketch, 85-108; Hildreth's 
U. S. HI. 458, 532-533' V. 350, 477, 453. 
17S7. Mar. 8. (i) South Carolina cession. 
1790. April 2. (2) North Carolina cession. 
1802. x\pril 24. (3) Georgia cession. 
1787-1802. Area of ceded territory. 

§52. (17811788.) Territory.— Administration. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, iii. 1121,31-34; Donaldson's Public Domain, 
82-85, 147- H9 5 Curtis' Constitution, i. 291-299; McMasters U. S. 
164-167: Hildreth's U. S. iii. 449-450, 458; Bancroft's Constitu- 
tion. I. 106-107, 138' 154' ^5^- 177-189, II,. 102-103 ' Bancroft's U. 



Adviudstration of Territory {jjSi-iySS) . 22 

S. {hisl rev.), VI. 81-82, 103-104, 115-118, 131-134, 280. 

1781-1788. Arbitration in territorial disputes of the states : Colonial 
Outline, § 516. 

1781-1786. Propositions for a system of government : Colonial Out- 
line, § 522. 

1780. Oct. 10. (i) Fundamental resolution of Congress. 
1784- (2) Jefferson's ordinance : slavery question. 
1785. Mar. 16. (3) King's anti-slavery proposition. 

§ 53. (1781-1789.) Territory.— Public Lands. 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 83-84; McMaster's U. S. i. 140-141, 
504, 508-513, 516-519; Bancroft's Constitution, i. 106, 158-159, 
169-170, 176-178, 180-183; II- 99' iio-iii, 116; Banci'offs U. S. 

{last rev.), vi. 81, 118-119, 126, 130-132, 134-135, 278, 286, 290. 
Estimate of value of the lands. 
Extinguishment of Indian title. 

1781-1788. Proposition for a system of land sales: Colonial Out- 
line, § 523. 

1 781. Nov. Report on a township system. 

1784. May 7. Jefferson's plan. 

1785. April. Gra3'Son's ordinance. 

Reservations of bounty lands. 
1787. Sale of the triangle to Pennsylvania. •"' 

1787-1789. Ohio Company and Symmes contract. 

§54. (1786 1789.) Territory.— Northwest Ordinance. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, iii. 31-3^ ; Draper's Civil War, i. 180-182 ; 
BiBT.. : Preston, 241; Donaldson's Public Doniain, 148-156: Mac- 
Master's U. S. 1. 504-508 ; Bancroffs Constitution, i. 106. 138 ; 11. 
99-117; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 81, 104, 278-291 ; Curtis' 
Constitution, i. 301-309; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 527-529: Higgi?isons 
U. S. 306-307 ; ° Preston's Documents, 241-250. 

BiBL. : Short's Reference Lists, j)p. 39-40 : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 
III. 34. 

1 783-1 786. Schemes of the Western colonization. 
1786-1787. Proposed revisal of the ordinance of 1780. 
1787. May-Julv. Influence of the Ohio Company. 

July 13. *Ordinance passed. ^^Donaldson's Public Doniain, 
153-156; yournals of Congress, xii. 85-93. 



Fina.7icia} Syste??/ {i/8i-iy88) . 23 

{a) Government of the territon'. 

{b) "Compact" with the future states, 

(r) Admission of new states. 

{d) Shivery and fugitives. 

FINANCES OF THE CONFEDERATION (1781-1789). 
§ 55. (^1781-1788.) Finances.— System. 

MacMastcrs U. S. i. 139, 187-189, 350-351 ; Ilildrct/i's U. S. iii. 
359-360,426-427; Curtis' Constitution, i. 156-157, 172, 174, 178- 
\^<^\ Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 189-190: Bancrofts Constitutional. 
30-31, 159-160, 165; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.) v. 557-559, ^^• 
25, 1 19-120; Bolles' Financial History of the U. S.\. 92-93, 100, 
loi, 109-110, 112-116. 273-275, 333-34O' 344-346- 
1781. Mar. I. Financial condition of the United States. 
1781-1784. Robert Morris Superintendent of Finance. 

1781. Attempt to form a rational system. 

1782. June 22. Washington's letter to tlie Governors : '^Washing- 
ton, VII. 226. 

1785. Jan. 25. B(jard of Treasury organized. 
1782-1788. Attempt to liquidate old accounts. 

§ 56. (1780-1788.) Finances.— Bank of North America. 

Bollcs' Financial History, i. 92-93, 99-100, 273-275, 344-346; 
Bancroft's Constitution , i. 31-37; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), v. 
445' 556-55)' '^''- 26-32; HildrctJi's U. S. iii. 309-310: Lalor's Cy- 
clopaedia, I. 199, 207-208. 
1780. Hamilton's suggestion : Lodge's Hamilton, 26-30. 

1780. Morris* bank. 

1781. May 26. Bank chartered by Congress: fournals of Con- 
gress , VII. I 09- II I . 

1782-1786. State charters. Prosperity of the bank. 
1785-1787. Reorganization of the bank. 

§57. (1778 1783.) Finances. — Half Pay.— Newburg Ad- 
dresses. 

Curtis' Constitution . i. 158-170, 190-194; Becky's England {Eng. 
el.) IV. 95-96, 148, 247-250; HildretJis U. S. iii. 245, 430-433, 
436-437 ; MacMaster's U. S. r. 180-185 ; Bryant and Gay's U. S. 
IV. 83-89; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.)^ vi. 59-63, 66-68, 70-76, 94, 



Financial Measures {/ySi-i'j'SS). 24 

97-98; BancrojTs Constiliition, i. 76-78, 86-89, 92-101, 123-124. 
128-129. BiBL. Winsors Hand-Book, 274. 
1778-1781. Hair pay votes of Congress. 
1782-1783. Dangerous condition of the army. 

Suggestion of monarchy to Washington. 
1783. Mar. The address issued. Washington prevents action. 
1783. Mar. Half pay voted, then full pay for five years. 
Popular objections and protests of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
1783. June. Mutiny of the Penns3'lvania line. 

§ 58. (1781-1788.) Finances.— Coinage. 

MacMastcrs U. S. i. 21-23, 189-200, 296-297, 400-403 ; Bo/Ies' 
Financial Flistory^ i. 274, 298, 301-305, 341-345 ; Bancroft's Con- 
stitution, I. 159. 

1781-1788. Existing circulating medium. 
1785-1786. Proposed national coinage. 

§ 59. (1781-1788.) Finances.— Expenditures. 

Curtis" Constitution, i. 174-175 ; MacMastcrh U. S. [. 139-140, 
227; Bancroft's Constitution, i. 79: BoIIcs'' Financial History, i. 
314-317, 321, 347-348' 350. 
1778-1783. Military expences. 

1781-1788. Running expences of the government. 
1781-1788. Interest on the debt. 

§60. (1781-1788.) Finances.— Requisitions. 

I. Assessment: Hildretiis U. S. m. 359-391, 451-453, 530-531, 
543-545 : Curtis' Constitution, i. 156-157, 240-242 ; Bancroft's Con- 
stitution, I. 103-104, 161 ; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.) vi. 79, 120- 
121 ; Bollcs' Financial History, i. 272, 307-308, 313-315, 322, 348, 
353 ; Eliot's Funding System, 59-61 : Diagram. 
1781-1787. Calls upon the States. 

II- *QiUestion of Eatio : Hildreth's U. S. m. 434-435; Gay's Mad- 
ison, 38-43 ; Curtis' Constitution, i. 210-213,240-242 ; Bolies Finan- 
cial History, I. 308-309. 
1783. April I. Three-fifths ratio recommended. 

III. *Neglect by States : Bancrofts Constitution, i. 42, 82, 256- 
257: Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.),v\. -^i^, 187-188; MacMastcr's 



Financial Resources {lySi-iySS). 25 

L. S. I. 362-366; Bollcs' Financial IIistor)\ i. 279, 294. 310-313- 

Diagram. 

Partial and slow ]ia\-me!its. 

Wish to appropriate the payments to State uses. 

Absolute refusals. 

17. *Pr0C3eds of requisitions : Curtis'' Constitution, I. 243-244; 
MacMaslcr's U. S. i. 356-357: Bolles Financial History , \. 279- 
281. 310-312, 320, 322, 324-325, 357-359: Diagram. 

§61. (17711778.) Financial.— Post Office. 

Mac Master s U. S. i. 39-45, 480-481. 

§62. (17811788.) Finances.— Public Lands. 

MacMastcr's U- S. i. 504, 508-519; Bancroft's Constitution, 11. 
iio-iii, 116-117 ; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 286, 290. Cf. § 53. 
1776-1783. (i) Bounty lands, Continental and State. 
1781-1788. (2) Reservations made b}' States. 
T781-1788. (3) Reservations for previous settlers. 

1787. July 27. (4) Contract of the Ohio Compan}' : Colonial Out- 

line, § 525. 
1787- (5) Scheme of a Scioto Compan}'. 

1788. May 15. (6) Symmes contract. 

1788. Sept. 4. (7) Deed of the "Triangle" to Pennsylvania. 

: 787-1788. Great emigration westward, Haynes' U. S. 306-308. 

§63. (1787-1738.) Finances.— Debt and loans. 

I. Foreign loans : MacMastcrs U.S. i. 139, 227-230,356-357; 
Bancroft's Constitution, i. 139-140, 159-161, 165-166, 185; Ban- 
croft's U. S. {last rev.) vi. 31, 120. 124. 137 ; Bolles' Financial 
History, i. 241-258. 272, 276-277, 313, 317, 350-353- 

T781-1783. French gifts and loans. 
1783-1788. Overdrafts and del'aults in interest. 
1783-1788. The four Dutch loans. 
1781-17S8. Market value of U. S. loans. 

II. Domestic loan : Bolles' Financial History, i. 272, 288-289, 
291-292, 313-314, 318, 322-326, 343-347. 

1781. Proposition to fund the domestic debt. 
Loan office certificates stopped. 
Accumulation of "'indents" for interest. 



Financial A)iieiid))iciits (lySi-ijSS) . '26 

§64. (1781-1783.) Confederation.— Amendment proposed. 
— Five;per cent scheme. 

Curtis' Cons/ itiif ion, i. 173-176; Bancrofts U. S. (last rev.), v. 
453-454, 560-561, VI. 13-14, 27-28, 33-35, 92; Bancrofts Constitu- 
tion, I. 13-16, 33-35, 43-44, 121-122; Hildretlis U. S. III. 427-428, 
^460-461 ; Lodges Hamilton, 39-40; Frotliiiighain's Rise of tlic Re- 
jyublic, 579-580; Story's Covinientaries, § 254. 

1780. Suggestion by the Harttord Convention. 

1781. Feb. 3. Tiie plan submitted b}- Congcess. 
1781-1782. Twelve States accept it. 

1782. Nov. Rhode Island rejects it. 

1782-1783. Withdrawal of consent ot" Virginia and South Carolina. 

§65. (1783-1786.) Confederation. — Amendment proposed. 
— Revenue scheme. 

MacMasters U. S. 1. 141-147, 153-154; Curtis' Co)istitiition , i. 
176-189: Story's Commentaries, §§ 255-258; Bancroft's U. S. {last 
rev.), VI. 63-96. 68-69, ^0-82, 90-96; Bancrofts Constitution, i. 82- 
86, 90-91, 105, no, 119-127 ; HildretJts U. S. in. 435-436; Gay's 
Madison, 35-39, 48-49. 

1782. July 20. New York resolutions on detects of the ai-ticles. 

1783. Apr. 12. Congress recommends specific duties, permanent 

revenues, and apportionment according to the fed- 
eral ratio. 

1783-1784. Acceptance ot specific duties only, b^• twelve States. 

1786. May 4. New York still stands out. 

THE STATES (1781-1788). 
§66. (1781-1788.) The States —Internal Government 

I. Authority of the States; \^on Hoists U. S. i. 25-26. 

II. Paper money and stay and tender acts : MacMasto^s U. S. 1. 
281-294, 330"347 ' Bancrofts Conslitittion, i. 230-241 : Bancrofts 
U. S. {last rev.) vi. 168-176. 

III. Discriminating acts; MacMaster's U. S. i. 404-406: Elliots 
Debates, v. 119-120; Bancrofts Constitution, i. 175. 

Stay and tender laws. — Navigation ads. — Imposts. 



Troubles of the States {jyS /-jy88) . 27 

§67. (1781-1783.) The States.— Relations with Congress. 

I. *Nagle:t of CDnstitutional duties : Curtis^ Const /tut ion, i. 231- 
240; ///i>-^Vusons U. S. 296-297; Mac Master's U. S. i. 131- 132. 
Altendanre. — Garrisons. — Prize Courls. — Requisitions. 

II. Violation of Constitutional prohibitions = Elliot's Debates, v. 119, 
207-208. 

Treaties. — War. — Compacts. 

III. Conflicts with Congress. 

1 782-1783. Vermont and Pennsylvania cases. 
Could Congress coerce States? 

?; 68. (1781-1788.) The States.— Assaults on their gcvern- 
nients. 

I. Causes of discontent : Curtis' Coustitvtion, i. 260-265; ^''''^- 
drelh's U. S. n1.465--i.6S ; Bancroffs Constitution, i. 228-229; Ban- 
croft's U. S. (last rev.), vi. 167 ; Sc/ioulcrs U. S. i. 21. 

II. Hiots and popular risings : 

Difficulties in New York, New Jerse}- and Rhode Island. 
Excise opposed in Penns^■lvania. 

III. Attempts to form new States : MacMasters U. S. i. 159-164, 
162-168, 262-266, 347-348, 383-385 ; Hildreth's U. S. iii. 407-410, 
468-470. 

Projiosed States in Vermont and jNIaine. 

State of "Frankland"' ; pro[X)sed State of Kentucky. 

IV. Insurrections: Hildreth's U. S. 11 1.472-473; MacMastc?-'s 
U. S. I. 210-216, 345-355- 

1782-1787. VVyominij; troubles. 

1781-1786. Troubles in Connecticut, New Hampshire and Vermont. 

V. Coercive power of the States. 

§69. (1781-1788.) The States.— Shay's Rebellion. 
Curtis'' Constitution, 1. 266-275; MacMaster's U. S. \. 299-328; 
Rives' Madison, 11. 164-170; Hildreth's U. S. iii. 472-477 ; Bryant 
and Gay's U. S. iv. 97-98 ; Hosmefs Sam. Adams, 389-392 ; 
Schoulers U. S. i. 32-34: \^on Hoist's U. S. i. 44-46; Higginson's 
U. S. 302-304. 

1783-1786. Causes of the outbreak. 
1786. Courts broken up. 

1786-1787. Ai-med conllict with the rebels. 



Foreigti Relation {1782-J7SS). 28 

1786. Action of other States. 
1786-1787. Appeal to Congress tor aid. 

1787. Q^iiet restored in Massachusetts. 

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND FAILURE (1782-1787). 
§70. (1782-1787.) Foreign.— Mississippi question. 

Curtis'' Const/fn/ioii, i. 309-327; 31 a c Master's U. S. 1. 371-381, 
412-416, 519-524; Hildretlis U. S. iii. 464-465; Lccky's England 
{■Eng. id,), IV. 257-258; Gay's Madison, 32-34, 77-78; ScJmylcrs 
American Diploniacv, 265-271 ; Draper, i. 201-206. 

1783. Navigation question in the treaty. 

1784. Spain refuses to permit navigation. 
1784-1785. Conflict ot interest of sea-board and interior. 

1786. Aug. 29. Se\en States vote, authorizing a treaty without 

navjo-ation. 
1786. Oct. 6. Jay negotiates an article suspending naxigation. 
1785-1788. The West compels a jiostp.onement. 
1786-1788. Intrigues for separation of the West. 

§ 71. (1783-1788. ) Foreign.— British treaty not carried out. 

Curtis'' Constitution, i. 214-215, 249-259; MacMastcrs U. S. i. 
108-130, 218-220, 236-238; Hildretlis U. S. iti. 305, 335, 324, 373, 
439-440, 444, 465 ; Bancroft''s Constitution , i. 6S-69, 134-136; Ban- 
croft's U. S. last rev.), vj. 52, 101-102 ; Lcclcy's England {Eng. 
ed.), IV. 266-268; Ealor's Cvclofaedia . n. 966. 

1. British debts; amounts dne. 

1 783-1787. Collection obstructed by the States. 

2. The loyalists. 

1783. Exodus from America. 

1783-1787. Treatment of the remainder by the States. 

1783-1791. British idemnity. 

3. Western posts. 

1 783-1 795. Surrender refused by tlie British. 

4. Negro refugees. 

1783. Shives carried awav and ideiunity dehued. 

§72. (1781-1783.) *Foreign. — Commerce question. 

Curtis' Constitution , i. 279-290; Erot/iing/iain's Rise of the Re- 



Cotujuerce. — Failure of the Co)ifeilcratiott {lySi-iySy.) i^'29 

public, 5S3-587 ; Bryant and Gay's U. S. iv. 92-96; Hildrcth's 
U. S. III. 454-456; Story's Comtnenlarics §§ 259-261. 
1781-1788. Conditic^n of American foreign commerce. 
1783-1788. Qi_iestion of importations. 
1781-1788. Qiiestion of Algerine pirates: Schuyler^s American 

Diplomacy, 193-208. 
1780. •'Armed neutrality"': Schuyler, 367-374. 

1782-1787. Commercial tieaties negotiated with Holland, Sweden. 

Prussia and Morocco : Sclruyler's American Diplomacy, 

368, 374-376- 
1 783-1 784. English restrictions on American vessels. 
1780-1786. Unsuccessful negotiations in England. 

Reasons for the attitude of Enoland. 
1783-17S8. Retaliatory action of the States. 
17 85-1788. JelTerson's mission. 

§73. (1784 1786.) Commerce amendment proposed. 

TiildretJis U. S. in. 450-451, 460; Curtis' Constitution, i. 276- 
278, 285-286; MacMasters U. S. i. 207-208, 246-248, 360-361; 
Bancroft's Constitution, i. 2i7i^ I47-I49» 1^4' 188-197, 227 ; Ban- 
croft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 27, 111-112, 136, 139, 145. 

1784. April 30. Amendment submitted. 

17S4-1787. Impertect and confiicting action of the States. 

1785. Monroe's pi'oposition lor single powers. 

§ 74. (1 786 1788. ) Confederation.— Failure and impending 
anarchy. 

Vo// Hoist's U. S. I. 25-26; Washington's Works, viii. 95; 441, 
IX. 12 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia, in. 475-476; MacMasters U. S. \. 32- 
T:,^ 145-147' 154-155' 356-360, 366-371 ; 391-393? Story's Commen- 
taries, §§ 269-271 ; Curtis' Constitution, i. 181-189, 224-230, 243- 
248, 330-331; Schouler's U. S. \. 19-34. t^ Draper, i. 266-277: 
Woolsey's Pol. Science, 11. 245-248. 
Lack of authority : Colonial Outline,. ^ 54^- 
Lack of coercive power : Colonial Outline, § 549. 
Lack of observance by Congress : Colonial Outline, § 550. 
Lack of fixed policy : Colonial Outline, § 551. 
Collapse of the national finances. 
Imminent dancrer of sectional unions. 
Danger of the separation of the West. 
Foreign predictions of failure. 



Sc/icfues of Amendment {Ij8i-7j8y) . 30 

Popular fears of a break-up. 

Universal discontent. 

Spirit of monarchy revived : Gay's Madison, 77-79. 

Washington predicts "'anarchy." 

The states : slavery. 

THE FEDERAL CONVENTION (1787). 

yohnsoii's American Orations, i. 9-17 ; Davis' Confederate Gov- 
ernments I. 99-103 ; Von Holsfs Constitutional Law, § 4,^^. 15-24. 

§ 75. (1781-1787.) Articles of Confederation. —Proposed 
amendment. Bibl. Preston 253. 

Curtis" (Constitution, i. 202-210, 222-224; Sc/iouler's U. S. i. 27- 
28; Lodge's Hamilton, 36-37, 44-46; Bancroft's Constitution, i. 
13-14, 16-17, 25-29, 86, 93, 130-133, 162- 163, 175, 242-249, 259, 
361-362; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), v. 455-457, vi. 12-23, 66, 
70, 98-100. 121, 130. 177-182, 189; Tyler's Henry, 266-278. 
Necessity of amendment : Colonial Outline, § 544. 

1. By grant of specific powers: Outline 1883-84, Led. xi. 
1781-1783. {a) Five per cent scheme: § 67. 

1783-1786. {b) Revenue scheme : § 68. 

1784-1787. (c) Commerce scheme : § 76. 

i785-[786. Minor schemes: Colonial Outline, § 545. 

2. By grant of coercive powers: Colonial Outline, § 546; 6^?//- 
line 1883-1884, Led. xi. 

3. By change of the form of government: Colonial Outline, 
§ 547 ; Outline 1883-84. Leet. xi. 

a. To a monarch}'. 

b. To a centralized government. 

c. To a closer t'ederal union. 

§76. (1780-1787.) Federal Convention.— Call. 

Story's Commentaries. §§ 272-274: Curtis' Constitution, 1.334- 
338, 342-362, 367-369; MacMaster's U. S. \: 256-259, 268-280, 
389-399; ScJioulcr's U. S. I. 24-31; Hildreth's U. S. iii. 477-418, 
FrothiuoJiam's Rise of the Refublic, '^S6-^S(); Gay's Madison, 53- 
6^; Lodge's Hamilton, 53-57- Davis' Confederate Government, i. 
86-91 ; Stephens, i. 90-96. 

1780-1784. Suggestions of a general convention. 
1782-1785. New York and Massachusetts resolutions. 
1 784-1 785. Virginia and Maryland commercial commission. 



The Federal Convention {lySy). 31 

1786-1787. Final failure of the revenue scheme. 

1786. Annapolis Convention. 

1786-1787. Delegates to the Convention chosen. 

1787. Feb. 21. Congress issues a formal call: yoiirnal 0/ Con- 

gress, XII. 12-14. 

§77. (1787.) Federal Convention.— Difficulties. 

MacMastcr s U. S. \. 393-394, 400, 423-427 ; Curtis' Constitution, 
I- ?>r--?>ZZ^ 337-339' 355-358, 362-369*; 371-375, 380-393. 

1. Theorv of a Constitutional convention: JLalor^s Cyclopaedia, i. 
627-637. 

2. Popular jealousy of a convention. 

3. Impossibility of amendment by Congress. 

4. *Limitation of its authority : Elliot's Debates, i. 126-129, ^3^' 
136, 137; Republic of Republics, A pp. C. pp. 516-523; Stc- 
phens, I. 96-115. 

5. Lack of precedent and experience. 

6. *Difference of individual views ; leading men : Frothiughain''s 
Rise of the Republic, 584-586, 589; ]\IacMasters U. S. i. 418- 
423 ; Schoulcr's U. S. i. 37-38 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 482-484. 

7. DitTerences of interest. 

§78. (1787.) Federal Convention.— Parties. 
Von Hoist's U. S. 1. 51-57; Lai or s Cyclopaedia, i. 547; Hil- 
drcth's U. S. III. 485-486, 501 ; Gays Madison, 89-97. 
I. Federalists and anti-federalists. 



Friends of centralization and of state sovereignly, 
Large States and small States : Diagram. 
Commercial States and agricultural States. 
North and South : Diao-rani. 



§ 79. (1787.) Federal Convention.— Progress. 

MacMasters U. S. i. 417. 438-452 ; Hildretlis U. S. in. 484-526 ; 
Frothinghanis Rise of the Republic, 589-597; SchotUers U. S. 1. 
36-47. BiBL. : Lalo7''s Cyclopaedia, i. 637-640. 
1787. May. Organization of the convention. 
Sources of the Constitution. 
Drafts presented to the Convention. 
May 30-July 26. The general form of the government settled. 
Aug. -Sept. The detail settled. 
Sept. 17. Submission of the Constitution by the convention. 



Form of the Constitution {jySy). 32 

FORM OF TME CONSTITUTION (1787). 

§80 (1787.) Constitution.— Compromises. 

I. First Compromise : representation ol" States. 

Lalori- Cyclopaedia^ i. 547-548; Daiicroft''s Constitution, 11. 47- 
67, 68; Bancroft's U. S. {last rcz\), vi. 239-254, 269; Curtis' Con- 
stitution, II. 1 16-144; Ilildrct/is U. S. in. 494-496; EUiofs De- 
bates, V. 248-287, 311-319' 394-397' 4H-4^o, 427-428, 529. 

II. Second Compromise : representation of slaves. 

Curtis'' Constitution, 11. 145-168; Bancroft's Constitution, 11. 68- 
88, 128-132, 141-144; Ba)icroJTs U. S. {last rev.), vi. 255-269, 
299-301, 308-310; Von Hoist's U. S. I. 289-291, 293-296, II. 80; 
Elliot's Debates, v. 294-310, 362, 391-364; Hildreth's U. S. in. 
497-501; Gay^s Madison, 98-104; Wilson's Slave Pozver, 1.39-45; 
Stephens, 11. 94-106. 

I. Third Compromise : slave trade and commerce. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 548-549,11.973-975; Bancroft's Consti- 
tution, I. 128-132, 141, 151-160; Bancroft's U.S. {last rev.), vi. 
308, 315-323; HihiretJis U. S. iii. 508-520; Gafs Madison, 104- 
114; Elliot's Debates, i. 256, 374, 375, v. 454-461, 471,477-478, 
488-492; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 291-292, 296-298; Wilson's Slave 
Pozucr, I. 45-53. 
What were the compromises? 
Were thev inst? 
Were they expedient? 
Were they essential? 
Were they open? Goodell's Slavery and Anti-Slavery , 222-224. 

§ 81. (1787.) Constitution— Scope. 

Frothingham's Rise of the Republic, 597-610 : Schouler's U. S. 
I. 42-46; Johnson's (School) History of the U. 6*. §§ 281-285; 
Scudder's U. S. 248-250; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 64-79; Outline for 
1883-84, Lecture xiii. : Stephens, i. 171-206; '^Preston's Docs., 
253-275 ; Woolsev's Pol. Science, 11. 249-257. 

1 . Form . 

Legislative department improved. 

Executive department created. 

Judiciary department, modelled on that ot" the States. 

2. Powers. 

Deticiencies of the Articles of Cf)nfederation supplied. 



CriticiiDi of the Constitiitiov {lySj). ' 33 

Limitations decreased. 

Limitations on the States increased: Davis'' Confederate Govcrn- 

jiient, 1. 155-168. 

Principle of aj-)plication tounforseen cases. 
3. Means of carrying out powers granted. 

Principle of judicial action on individuals. 

Offensive powers of the States decreased. 

Defensive powers of the general governn)ent increased. 

Principle of constructive pov\ers. 

§ 82. (1787.) Constitution.— Deficiencies. 

Not all-comprehensive. 

No Bill of Rights inserted. 

Annexation of territor\' not foreseen. 

Growth of patronage not provided for. 

Secondary election of the President expected. 

No provision for the ]:)rotection of national elections. 

No formal provision against secession. 

§83. (1787) Constitution.— Unsettled Questions. 

Outline 1883-84 ; Lect. : 1885-86, p. 
I. National status of slavery. 
Three-fifths clause. 
Slave trade clause. 
Fugitive slave clause. 
Citizenship clause. 
Use of the word "persons." 
Status of the territories. 



Extent of regulation of commerce. 

Extent of war powers. 

Question of constructive powders. 

Q^iestion of removals and tenure of office. 

Qj_iestion of the relations of the departments of government. 

Powers of the national judiciary. 

Extent of the powers of the States. 



3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 _ 

lo. Qj-iestion of allegiance and sovereignty. 

RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (1787-1790). 
§84. (1787-1790.) Ratification. — Elements. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 52-75; Story s ('oinmentaries, §§ 281-293; 



Rat/ficatioii of the Constitution {iy8 i-iygg.^ 34 

Von Holsfs Constitutional Lazu, 23-28; Lalors Cyclopaedia^ i. 99, 
606-607, 607, II. 165 : MacMastcr's U- S. i. 454, 481-4S4 ; Schouler's 
U. S. I. 54-57, 63-65 ; Frotkinghani's Rise of the jRepublic, 579-603 ; 
Rcfublic of Republics, ^^^-^<^6, passim; Lodge's Hamilton, 65-70, 
and Gay's Madison. 115-117 and Morse's Jeffe?-son, 92-95, and 
Hosniers Sam. Adams, 392-401 ; Davis' Rise and Rail of the Con- 
federate Governmental. 103-114 : Curtis Constitution, 11. 493-517; 
/\ Draper , Am. Civil War ; Patrick Henry in fohnston's American 
Orations, i. 18-39; Hamilton in Johnston's American Oratio7is, \. 
30-43 ; Tylers Henry, 279-301. 
Oojeotions to the fundamental plan. 
Objections to the powers of the general government. 
Objections to coercive powers. 
Objections to deficiencies. 

Organization of Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 
Popular feeling. 

Tlie champions of the Constitution. 
The Federalist. 

The opponents of the Constitution. 
The Constitution accepted unwillingly. 
North Carolina and Rhode Island ibrced in. 
Later ''worship of the Constitution." 

§ 85. (1787-1789.)— Ratification.— Progress. 

[Students are advised to read a detailed account of the convention 
of some one State, preferablv of that tVom \\liich they come, in Ban- 
croft, or Curtis, or Republic of Republics. '\ 

MacMasters U. S. i. 454-501; Schouler's U. S. i. 58-70; Hil- 
dreth's U. S. in. 533-539; Curtis'' Constitution, 11. 491-604; Ban- 
croft's Constitution, 11. 225-350; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 
371-462 ; Elliot's Debates, vols. i-iv. : Republic of Republics, pp. 
xv-xvi. 74-125: Davis' Confederate Government, i. 103-113; 
Stephens, i. 296-297. 

1787. Sept. 17. Reported by the convention : Elliot's Deb. i. 297-305. 
Sept. 28. Transmitted by Congress : Elliot's Deb. i. 319. 
Dec. 9. ( I ) Delaware. 

Dec. 12. (2) Pennsylvania. 
Dec. 18. (3) New Jersey. 

1788. Jan. 2. (4) Georgia. 
Jan. 9. (5) Connecticut. 



IF//0 ratified the Coiistitution? {ij^y-i-jgo). 35 

Feb. 7. (6) Massachusetts. 

Apr. 26. (7) Maryland. 

May 23. (8) South Carolina. 

June 21. (9) New Hampshire. The Constitution assured. 

1788. June 26. (10) Virginia; Tyler s Henry, 279-301. 
July 26. (11) New York. 

Sept. 13. Congress votes to put the Constitution into opera- 
tion. 

1789. Nov, 21. (12) North Carolina. 

1790. May 29. (13) Rhode Island. 

§ 86. (1787-1790.) Ratification.— Who ratified the Consti- 
tution. 

I. *Form of ratification : ° Elliot's Debates, i. 319-335 ; ^Republic 
of Republics, 523-527 ; Crane and Moses, 142-154. 

1. By what persons? 

2. In whose name? 

3. In what terms? 

4. Conditions attached. 

II. *Theor3^ of ratification by "States" : Hayne in Elliot, iv. 510 ; 
Republic of Republics, 130;/, 137-156; Diagram. 

III. *Theory of ratification by "the people" : Lalors Cyclopaedia, 
III. 1003, 789 ; Erothiughain^s Rise of the Republic, 599-602 ; Davis'' 
Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, i. 1 21-134 ' Diagram. 

1. "The people in independent communities": Calhoun in Calhoun's 

Works, VI. 151-152. 

2. "The people in each of the States": Madison in ]V. A. Review, 

XXXI. 538; Federalist, No. 38,/. 262. 

3. "The people of the United States": Webster in Elliot, iv. 499- 

509: Story's Commentaries. §§ 262, 463. 

NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION (1787-1885). 

Davis' Confederate Government, i. 157-158. 

§ 87. (1787-1885.) The Constitution.— Principles of Consti- 
tutional discussion. 

I. Departments of controversy : distinguish clearly into which of 
the following categories any specific question falls. 
I- Origin of the Constitution, including the question of its form. 



Principles of Co)istitiitional Discussion (lySy-iSSS') 36 

2. Scope of the Constitution : usually, but not always,, a discussion of 

the extent of legislative powers. 

3. Interpreter of the Constitution : always involving the judiciary 
. ^powers and the jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 

4'. Execution of the Constitution; particularly relating to the executive 

powers, but including others. 

II. Aspect of controversy. Observe the two aspects selected by 
the two great schools of Constitutional exposition, — the loose con- 
structionists and strict constructionists. 

1. Origin. 

a. Did "the people" form the Constitution? 

b. Is it a ''Compact"? 

Discussed particularly in 1791, and 1830. 

2. Scope. 

a. A.re there "Constructive powers"? 

b. Are powers limited to "express grants"? 

Discussed particularlv in 1791, 1799, 1803, 1819, 1833, 1842. 

3. Interpreter. 

a. Is the Supreme Court the "Common arbiter"? 

b. Can States "interpose" to make acts void? 
Discussed particularly in 1799, 1815. 

4. Execution. 

a. Can the United States "COerce" States to permit the execution 
of its acts? 

b. Can States by "secession" make themselves independent? 
Question raised in 1861. It involves the question of allegiance. 

Ill- Sources of argument. 

1. Nature of government in general. 

2. Words of the Constitution. 

3. Opinions. 

a. Testimony of "the fathers." 

b. Views of statesmen and jurists. 

4. Decisions of the Supreme Court. 

5. Usage, as shown in the history of the United States. 

17. Difficulties to be kept in mind and avoided. 

1. Confusion of arguments among the different departments of contro- 
versy. 

2. Possibility of bringing strong proofs of contrary aspects. 
3'. Change of party views and party arguments. 



llicory of the Compact a fid State Sovereignty (i/8g-/88j). o7 

The Constitution— "Who are "the People of the U. S-"? J^on Hohfs 

Constitutional Law ^ 37-39' §§ 7? 9^ I4- 

§88. (1787-1861.) The Constitution.— Is it a voluntary asso- 
ciation? 

Story's Commevtarics, §§ 349, 321, 352-353 ; Stephens, i. 1 16-170. 
Theory of a contract. 
Theor}" of a treaty or convention. 
Theor\' of a leau'ue. 

§ 89. (1787-1861.) The Constitution.— Is it a "Compact"? 

Story's Couinicntarics, §§ 321-330, 352-372 ; Webster in Benton s 
Abr. XII. 103, and Tucker in Story's Coinincvtaries^ §§ 310-319; 
Republic of Republics, 59-69, 561-571 ; Elliot's Debates, iv. 509, 
523, 540, 545, 548; Stephens'' War between the States, i. 477-485 : 
Davis' Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, \. 134- 141 ; 
Pollard's Lost Cause, 38-41. 

Doctrine of the "Social Compact." 

a. To which tlie people are parties? 

b. To which the United States is a part}? 

c. To which the States are the only parties? 

§ 90. (1787-1861.) The Constitution.— Is it an instrument of 
government for a nation? 

Von Llolst's Constitutional Law , 43-44, §§ 10, 14-19, fp- 43-44, 
49-66; Storv's Commentaries, §§ 339-340; Kent's Commentaries, 
I. 23[ ; Stephens' War between the States, i. 17-21 ; Draper, i. 285- 
286; Woolsey's Political Science, 11. 249-257; Dana's Wheaton, 
Note 32. 

1. C^iestion ot" National Existence: Von Llolst, § 14. 

2. Qiiestion of Sovereignty : Von. Hoist, § 15. 

3. Questions of divisions of powers : \^ou Llolst, §§ 16, 18. 

4. Question of intei-pretation : Von Ifolst, § 17. 

5. Conflicts of authority : Von Lfolst, § 19. 

6. Ciuestion of coercion: Von Hoist, §§ 11-13. 

§ 91. (1787-1885.) The Constitution.— Are the States Sov- 
ereign? 

*Lalor's Cxdopacdia , iir. 788-800; Republic of Republics, 325- 
334; Tucker s Blackstonc, i. App. Note D ; Stephens' War betzueen 
the States, i. 116-147 ; 465-495 ; 11. 21-24 ' Davis' Rise and Fall of the 
Confederate Government, i. 141-156: Hurd's Theory of National 
Existence . 116-141. BrBL. Lalors Cyclopaedia, in. 800: Wheaton''s 
{See back of this page. ^ 



87 J Theory of the Co?npact a^id State Sovereignty {lj8g-i88s)- 

Intl. Law, Pt . I, Chap, ii., ^ 6: Lazvrences' Wheaton, Note 15; 
Von Hohfs Constitutional Law., §§ 8-13,^^.39-47; Crane and 
Moses, 228-352. 

1. Argument from the nature ot sovereignty. 

2. Argument of authority : contemporaneous discussions. 

3. Argument trom the text of the Constitution. 
Theory of consent of the States to a limitation. 
Theor}' of the Supreme law. 

Theory of the Supreme Court as an arbiter. 

4. Historical argument. 

1775-1781. Were the States sovereign during the Revolution? § 42. 
1781-T789. Were the States sovereign under the confederation? 
§§ 60, 67, 71. 



GcograpJiy of the United States {lySc)). 38 

1 789-1885. Have the States ever proved themselves sovereign? 
1886. Present status of the question. 

THE UNITED STATES IN 1789. 

§ 92. (1789) Geography of the United States. — Physical 
characteristics of North America. 

RatzeVs Vercinigle Staalen, 11. ch. i ; Draper's Civil War, i. 
40-62 : Map. 

General shape. 

Area. 

Great basins and elevation. 

Coast line. 

Mountains. 

Rivers and lakes. 

Climate. 

Natural resources. 

§ 93. (1789-1885.) Geography of the U. S.— Influence of the 
physical characteristics on political history. 

Compactness. 

Great extent. 

The interior. 

Sea fronts. 
.Mountain systems. 

River system. 

Climate. 

Internal resources. 



§ 94. (1789.) Geography of the United States.— Political. 

Donaldson s Public Domain, 1-9 : Map. 
Connection of geography with the study of histor}'. 
1492-1789. Foundation of European claims to North x\merica. 
1492-1789. Claims of European powers to American territor\-. 
1606-1775. Development of English possessions: § 25. 
1783. Exterior boundaries by the Treaty of Peace : Map. 
1789. Interior divisions : Map. 
1789. Territorial waters. 

1789-18S5. Influence of arbitrar}- boundaries. 
1789. Areas of the United States and of the sections. 

§ 95. (1789.) Population of the United States.— Elements. 

I. Numbers: DiaQ-rani. 



Social and Economic Condition of the United States {lySg). 39 

2. Relative iniportance of sections and States: Diagram. 

3. Race elements : slaves. 

4. Distribntion of the popnlation : Map. 

5. Immigration: Draper, i. 174. 

§ 96. (1789.) People in 1789.— Social life. 

ScJiotilcr's U. S. I. 221-224; MacMastcr's U. S. 11. 538-582: 
Iligginson's U. S. 322-326; Greeley, i. 17-34. 
Differences between the sections. 
Classes of society- 
Cities and country life. 
Education. 

Literature and information. 
Organization of the great churches. 
Social dangers. 
Characteristics of the Americans. 

§ 97. 1789. United States in 1789.— Economic condition. 

Prof. Dunbar's Lectures on Economic History; IVintcrbot/iam, 
. 265-275, 293-295, 325-327. BiBL. : Topics and References in 
Pol. Econ. IV. pp. 7-8. 

A. National pursuits. 

1. ,' Agriculture : RatzeVs Vcreinigte Staatcn, it. c/i. vii. 

2. Commerce: RatzeVs Vereinigte Staatcn., 11. ch. xii. 

3. Manufactures: RatzeVs Vereinigte Staatcn., \\. ch.'s.; Taussig^s 
Protection to Toting Industries., I4"i7- 

B. National wealth. 
National resources : RatzeVs Vereinigte Staatcn., 11. ch. vii-ix. 
Undeveloped West. 
Carrying trade. 
Distribution of wealth. 
Character of the people. 

c. National labor. 

Free labor. 

Slave labor. 
D. National disadvantages. 

Want of circulating medium. 

Want of roads: MacMastcr's U. S. 11. 553-565. 

Want of experience. 
D. Economic dangers. 



Political Condition of tJi'e United States (I'jSg). 40 

§98. (1789). United States in 1789.— Political. 

A. State of public affairs. 
Financial distress. 
Disturbance of public order. 
Foreign relations and dangers. 

B. State governments. 
Effect of tradition. 
Effect of colonial life. 
Etlect of republican ideas. 

Character of administration : RatzeVs Ver. Slaatcn, ii. ch. xiii. 
c- The National government. Ht'gginson's U. S. 304-306. 
Want of lo3'alty to it. 
Want of conhdence in it. 
National dangers. 
Conception of a "nation" arising. 
Elements of national o-reatness. 



§99. (1789-1801.) The United States.— Public Men. 

John Adams : Bibl. Lalors Cyclopaedia^ i. 23 ; Fosters Refci'- 
ences, 3, 6-7. 

Aaron Burr: Bibl. Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 324. 

Albert Gallatin : Bibl. Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 319; Foster^s 
References, 10, 14, 

Elbridge Gerry : Bibl. Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 367 ; Fosler''s 
References, 4. 

Alexander Hamilton: Bibl. Lalors Cyclopaedia , 11. 434; Fos- 
ter's References, 3-4; Wi}isors Hand-Book, 19, 243, 285, 29S. 

John Jay : Bibl. Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 634. 

Thomas Jefferson: Bibl, L^alors Cyclopaedia, 11.638: Fosters 
References, 4, 9-10. 

James Madison: Bibl. Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 799; Fosters 
References, 10, 13-14. 

John Marshall: Bibl. Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 812. 

James Monroe : Bibl. Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 898 ; Foster's Ref 
erenccs, 16. 

Timothy Pickering : Bibl. Lalor's Cyclopaedia , iii. 198 ; Foster's 
References, 4. 

C. C. Pincknev : Lalor, in. 198; Foster, 8. 



Organization of the Government {jySS-iySg) . 41 

Giorge Washing-ton : Bibl. : IViiisors IIaiid-Bool\ 296-297 ; La- 
lors Cyclopaedia, in. 1092-1093 ; Foster's References^ 3 ; Leckys 
England, in. 432-435. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
UNITED STATP:S C1788-1793). 

§ 100. (1788-1790. ) Organization of the Government.— Ele- 
ments. 

Hildrctlis U. S. IV. 25-3?, 36-39, 249-251 ; Von Holsfs U. S. 

I. 62-79. 

The Constitution considered an experiment. 

Disposition to leave organization to its friends. 

Hope of substantial amendment. 

Acceptance of the letter of tlie Constitution b}' all parties. 

Organization of parlies within the Constitution : § 

§101. (1788) Organization. — Expiration of the Confederation. 

HildretJi's U. S. iii. 543-547 : Story's Couiuientari.es, § 278 ; 
Elliofs Debates, i. 133; fonrnals of Congress, xiii, 170; Stan- 
zvood's Presidential Elections, 8 : IVoolsev's Political Science, ii. 
248-249. 

1788. Sept. 13. Congress votes to put the government into operation. 
Oct. 21. Congress expires for lack of a quorum. 

The new government revolutionar\'. 
§ 102. (1789 ) Organization.— Elections. 
MacMasters U. S. i. 525-532 ; ScJwtdcrs U. S. i. 70-73, 82-85 ; 
Stamvood's Presidential Elections, 8-16 ; Bancroft's Constitution, 

II, 355-357; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 466-467; Lodge's 
Hamilton, 80-83; HildretJi's U. S. iv. 39-46: Von Hoist's Con- 
stitutional Laii\ §§ 21-25: O'Neil. 32-40. 

1789. Jan-Feb. 4. For presidential electors. 

Jan-Feb. For senators and members of the House. 

Feb. Washington chosen President and John Adams Vice- 
President. 
§ 103. (1789.) Organization.— Congress. 
Von Hoist's Constitutional Law, § 24*28, 31-32 ; Llildreth's U. S., 
IV. 46-53, 123-127. 151-152; MacMasters U. S. i. 532-535, 542- 
544; Sc/iouler's U- S. i. 80-86, 104-107, 162-165; Lalo7''s 6j)r/o- 
^(7rc//rt, I. 587, II. 474-476, 527-529, in. 702-704; Snozv's Guide, 
13-14. Bibl. : Short's Reference Lists, p. 38. 
1789. Mar. 4. Day set for the government to go into effect. 
x\pr. I. House of Representatives organized. 



Organization of Congress a?id the Executive {i'/8g-jyg2) . 42 

6. Senate or<ranized. 
Procedure and rules. 
June I. First statute of the United States: oath. 
Aug. 15. Debate on instructions. 
Sept. 24. Sah'irv act. 
1792. Apr. 14. First act of apportionment. 
1789-1885. Character of Congress. 

§104. (1789 1792.) Organization.— Executive. 

MacMastcr's U. S. 1. 538-542, 563-566; Schoulcrs U. 5. 1. 74-80, 
96, 108-116; Htldret/is U. S. iv. 52-64, 104-108, 130-132, 134-138; 
Gay's Madison, 108-132, 143-145 ; Bancroffs Constitution, 11. 360- 
364: Bancroffs U. S. {last rev.), iv. 469-472; Lalor's Cyclopae- 
dia, II. 132-135. BiBL. Sliort's Reference Lists, -pf. 38-39; Hig- 
ginson's U. S. in. 309-315, 320-322; Von Hoist" s Constitutional 
Lazv, § 25, 33-34. 

Want of an executive under the confederation. 

1789. Apr. 30. Inauguration of President Washington. Inaugu- 
ral : ^Johfiston'sA?nerican Orations, 1. 44-51. 
Qi^iestion of a title. 
Qiiestion of speeches to Congress. 
June. Q^iestion of removals. 
Appointmentt^ t(j office. 
Executive ceremonials. 
1792. Apr. 5. First veto (apportionment bill). 
1789-1885. Status of the executive. 

S 105. (1789-1790.) Organization— Executive departments. 

Hildreth's U. S. iv. 101-108 ; Scliouler''s U. S. i. 93-96 ; Snozus 
Cruide, 14-17 ; f. C. Hamilton's Republic, iv. 10-22. Bibl. : La- 
lor's Cyclopaedia, i. 27 ; Von Hoist's Constitutional Laic, §§ 26, 
and note. 

Nature of administrative authority. 
Practice of the Confederation : § 48. 
Constitutional jirovisions tor departments. 
1789. Ma}' 19. Proposition for establishing departments. 

Julv^ 27. Act tor a "Department of Foreign atlairs" : La- 

lors Cyclopaedia, i. 804-806, in. 787-789: Se/iuy- 

ler's American Diplomacy, 3-40. 

Consular system : Schuyler, 41-104. 

Diplomatic: S3'stem : Schuyler, 105-192. 

Svstem of crowned heads: Schuyler, ^21-424. 



Organization of Executive Departments and Judiciary {lySg-iSoi). 43 

Aug. 7. Act for ''a Department ot" War": Lalors Cyclopae- 
dia, III. T087-1088. 
Sept. 2. Act for a "Treasury Department": Lalor's Cvclo- 

pacdia,, 11. 192-194, in. 933-935. 
Sept. 15. x\ct changing the "Foreign Department" to the 

"Department of State." 
Sept. 24. Clause in the judiciary act establishing an Attorney 

General : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, n. 66^-66^. 
Sept. 11-26. Cabinet appointments. 
1789-1790. Qiiestion of seats on the floor of Congress. 
1794. May 8. Post Office department created : Lalors Cyclopaedia, 

III. 3 10-3 II ; MacMasters U. S. 11. 58-67. 
1798. Apr. 30. Navy Department : Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 992- 

994- 
1849. J^l'ii"- 3- Interior Department : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 567- 

568. 
1789-1885. Development and complexity of the departments. 

§106. (1789-1790.) Organization.- The Judiciary. 

Hildreth's U. S. iv. 108-112 ; Snow's Guide, 17-18; Sciioiilcrs 
U. S. 1, 96-98; Von Ilolsfs Constittitional Law, §§27, 43-45. 
Necessity of a new judicial system. 
Influence of English and Colonial precedent. 

1789. Sept. 24. Judiciary act: organization of the courts. 

Qiiestion of jurisdiction. 
Question of entbrcement b}' the courts. 
Sept. 29. Act to regulate judicial process. 

1790. Apr. 30. Act defining crimes. 

1 789-1803. Qj^iestion of extra-judicial opinions. 

1789-1801. Appointments to the bench. 

1789-1885. Methods of applying judicial decisions : Dana's Whcaton, 

Note 31. 
1789-1885. Character and influence of the United States courts. 

FINANCIAL SYSTEM ORGANIZED (1789-1S01). 

§ 107. (1789.) Financial System. — The situation. 

Lodge's Hamilton, 84-96, 114-116, 131-135 : Schonlers U. S. i. 
130-132 ; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 152-158; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 84-85. 



Revenue and F'lDidlng System {lySg-rSoi) . 44 

State ot" the Treasury. 

State of public credit. 

Hamilton's scheme of establishing the finances. 

Constitutional limitations on the power of taxation. 

§108. (1789-1801.) Financial system —Revenue. 

MacMastcrs U. S. i. 544-555, n. 25-28; Schoulcrs U. S. i. 86- 
93, 158, 187 ; Lahrr's Cyclopaedia^ in. 858, 11. 127, 573-576, 975- 
976; Hildrclhh U. S. iv. 65-101, 216-218, 253-256; Snozu's Guide, 
19-21 ; Gay's 3Iadison, 132-143, and Lodge's Haiiiilton, 69-99, and 
Von Hoist's U- S. I- 94-97 : Von //ols/'s Constitutional Law, § 36. 
1789-180T. (i) System of customs duties. 
1789-1792. Three tariff^ acts. 
1789. Qiiestion of taxing the slave-trade. 

1789. Qiiestion of protection: See § 116. 

1792-1801. Revenue acts. 
1789-1790. (2) System of collection. 

(3) System of tonnage duties: See § 113. 
1789-1801. (4) System of excise. 
1789-1801. (5) Proceeds of public lands : See \ 
1789-1801. (6) Proceeds of tlie post office. 
1794-1801. (7) Proceeds of the i^atent office. 
1794-1801. (8) Internal duties and licenses. 
1708. (9) Direct tax. 

1791-1801. (10) Dividends on bank stock : § 

§109. (1789-1801.) Financial System.— Funding. 

MacMastcr's U. S. i. 567-578, 587-588, 592-593 ; Sclionlers U. S. 
I. 130-136; Lalor's Cyclopaedia , 1. 316, 11. 190-191, in. 718-721; 
Snow's Guide, 21-23; G^^v's Aladison, 151-158, and I^odgc's Hamil- 
ton, 117-120, and Von Hoist's U. S. i. 83-85 ; Hildretli's U. S. iv. 
158-171, 215-216, V. 444. 

1789. Amount of debt outstanding. 

1790. Jan. 14. Hamilton's report on public credit : ° Annals of Con- 

gi'css, 1991 ; Llamilton's Wo7'ks, iii. 1-4O ; Hamil- 
ton's Works, Lodge's ed., 11. 47-108, 151-165. 

Qiiestion of foreign debt. 

Qi_iestion of funding domestic debt at par. 

Question of considering tlie original holders. 



Assumption of State Debts and expenditure {jy8(p-i8oi) . 45 

Qiiestion of metliod ot' kinding. 
1790-1793. Funding acts. 
1790-1801. Process of funding. 
1789-1801. State of the debt : Diagram. 

§ 110. (1789-1791.) Financial system— Assumptiorx of State 
debts and Seat of G-overnment. 

Mac Master's U. S. i. 555-565, 579-586; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 1. 
351-352 ; Vo7i Hoist's U. S. I. 80-89, ^'^'^ Gay's Aladison, 146-150; 
Alorse's 'Jefferson, 90-106, and Lodge's Hamilton, 120-129; Schoit- 
lers U. S. I. 136-142, 181-184 : HildretJis U. S. iv. 127-129, 171- 
174, 206-216, 21S-219: Snozu's Guide, 23-24: yeffersons Works, 
III. 460, IV. 448-449; Outline for 1883-84, Led. xix. Bibl. S/iort's 
Rejerence Lists, pp. 61-62; Higginson's U. S. 319-320. 
1790. Jan. 14. Recommended by Hamilton : Annals of Congress., 
1999, 2021. 
Mar. -Apr. Principle accepted and then rejected. 
1 783-1 787. Qiiestion of the Capital. 

1789. Aug. -Sept. Propositions on the Capital. 

1790. July. Jefferson's compromise. 

July 16, Aug. 4. Acts for Capital and assumption. 

Nov. Protest of the Virginia legislature. 
Amount assumed. 

Settlement of accounts with the States. 
Arrangements for the Capital. 

§ 111. (1789 1801.) Financial system.— Expenditures. 

HildretJis U. S. iv. 126-127, 224. 273; Lalofs Cyclopaedia, i. 
316-317 ; Von Hoist's Constitutional Law, § 37. 
1789. July I. First appropriation act: diplomatic service. 

1. For interest and reduction of debt. 

2. For civil and administrative expenses. 

3. Military and naval. 

4. Miscellaneous. 

1789-1885. System of appropriations. 

§ 112. (1790 1801. ) Financial system.— Bank. 

See §§ 124-129. 



Commercial System {jy8g-i8oi). 46 

COMMERCIAL SYSTEM ORGANIZED (1789-1801), 

§ 113. (1789-1801.) Commercial system.— External com- 
merce. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 976-981 ; MacMaster's U. S. i. 535-537, 
538-589; Schotiler's U. S. i. 91-93, 127-128; HildretJi's U. S. iv. 
loi. 147-149, 221-222, 224; Schuyler s American Diplomacy, 421- 
426. 

1651-1775. The Colonial system : § 30. 
1775-1789. Commerce of the States: See § 66. 
1789. July 20. Discriminating tonnage dut}'. 
Aug. 7. Light-house act. 

Q2,iestion of Rhode Island. 
1789-1792. Registry acts. 

Act tor regulation of seamen. 
1793-1801. Embargo acts. 
1789-1885. System of acts on American shipping. 

§114. (1789-1801.) Commercial system. — Internal commerce. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 508, iii. 125-126; Hildretlis U. S. iv. 
01, 220-221; Scliouler's U. S. i. 129-130; MacMaster''s U. S. i. 
589-592, II. 72-74; Von Holsfs Constitutional Lazu, §§ 38-42; Von 
HolsCs Constitutional Lazv, § 42. 

1789. May 31. Copyright act. 
1790-1793. Patent acts. 

1790. Dec. Hamilton's report on coinage : Z,6'<f^^ '5 i^rt-w///^;;/, 106- 

108, 130-131. 
1792. Apr. 2. Comage act : Vo7i Hoist's Constitntional Law, ^ 2S1 

^124 ;/. 
1790. Mar. I. Act for the first census. 

§115. (1789-1801.) Commercial system. Revival of trade 

MacMasters U. S. i. 587-588, 592-593, 11. 22-25, 74-^2 ; Schonlcr's 
U. S. I. 199-202 ; Hildreth's U. S. Iv^ 273-277. 
Return of specie. 
Increase of internal trade. 
Increase of forei^in trade. 
Plans of internal improvement. 
Spirit of speculation. 

§116. (1789-1800.) Commercial system.— Question of pro- 
tection. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 714-715, iii. 856-858 ; j^. C. Adam's Tax- 



Protection and citizciisJiip {jySg-lSoj) . 4*7 

atlou in the U. S. 14-34; HildrelJis U. S. iv. 65-76: Schouler's 
U. S. I. 87-90, 186-188; MacMastcrs U. S. r. 545-549; Siiozvs 
Guide, 27-29: Lodges Hamilton. 108-114; Bancroft's Constitution, 
I. 187-189,11. 358-359; Bancroft's U. S. (last rev.), vi. 138-139, 
468-469. BiBL, Taussig's Topics, 1-3 ; Blaine's Twenty Tears, i. 
178-188; Von Hoist's Constitutional Lazv, § 36. 
1689-1775. (i) Protection in the Colonies: § 30. 
1775-1788. (2) Protection in the States. 

1787-1788. (3) The question not agitated in the Convention. 
1789-1790. (4) The question in Congress. 

1789. Apr. -June. Debates, chiefly economic. 
July 4. Fir.-t tariff' act, slightly protective. 

1790. Aug. 10. Second tariff' act, increased protection. 

1791. Dec. 8. (5) Hamilton's report : ° Annals of Congress, c^"]!- 

1034: Hamilton, in. i<:)2-'i%d^\ Hamilton s Works, 
Lodge's cd. in. 294-340; American State Papers, 
Finance, i. 123-144. 

a. Economic arguments. 

b. Constitutional arguments. 

c. Special recommendations : articles to be protected. 
1789-1792. (6) The Constitutional question raised. 
1792-1801. (7) Tariff' acts. 

Sections and the tariff': Blaine, i. 178-181. 
1789-1861. Tariff' discussion : Blaine, i. 199-207. 

Economic argument : Blaine, i. 207-214. 

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION (1789-1801). 
§ 117. (1789 1801. Administrative system. — Citizenship. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 58-62, 11. 947-953, 959-963 ; Von Hoist's 
Constitutional Law, § St,\ Crane and Moses, 30-31. 

I. Who may be citizens of the United States? 
Status ol citizens ot' States. 

1789. April-May. Smith election case. 

1793. Dec. Gallatin case. Stevens' Gallatin, 62-68. 

Status of free negroes. 

Status of Indians. 

Status of children of' citizens. 

Status of aliens. , 

II. How may citizenship be acquired ■ 

By creation of the States, under limitations. 



Anict/dine/ffs and the Army {]j8g-i8oi). 48 

• 

B\' naturalization: Von Hoist's Coiist/iiii/oiuil .Lazv, § 39. 
1760. Mar. 26. First naturalization act. 
1795. Jan. 29. Second naturalization act. 
1798. June 18. Third naturalization act. 

III. How may citizenship be lost? 
Doctrine of expatriation. 

IV. Duties of the citizen. 
Principles ot alleo-iance. 

V. Eights of the citizen. 

Pt)litical rights; question of sufTrage : Lalor's Cyclopaedia^ in. 823- 

831. 

Property rights. 

Personal rights. 

§118. (1789-1801) Administrative system.— Constitutional 
amendments. 

Schoiilcr's U. S. 69-70, 102-104, 273-274, ^L^n ; H/Idrcth's U. S. 
IV. 32-36, 1 12-120, 407-408; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 387, 607- 
608; Story's Coniinentaries, § 1677; Bancroft's Constitution, 11. 
353-355: Bancroffs U. S. {last rev.), vi. 464-466; Outline, 1885- 
86, Led. XII ; Tuclcer's U. S. \. 405-407 ; Von Hoist's Constitutional 
Lazu, § 4. pp. 28-32 : § 88. 

1787-1788. Amendments submitted by State Conventions: § 86; 
Tyler's Henry, 302-317. 

1788. Sept. Harrisburg Convention. 
1789-1885. Principles of the power of amendment. 
1787. June-Sept. Debates in Congress. 

1791. Dec. 15. First ten amendments declared in force. 
Did these amendments add anything to the Constitution? 

1793. Feb. Case of Chisholms z'5. Georgia. 

1794. Mar. 5. Eleventh amendment proposed. 
1798. Eleventh amendment adopted. 

§119. (1789-1801.) Administrative system. —Military. 

I. The army: Hildreth's U. S. iv. 224, 304-306; MacMasters 
U. S. II. 67-72 ; Conite de Paris, 11. 11-15, 16-29. 
1789-1885. Principles of military regulation. 

1789. Sept. 29. Previous establishment continued. 

1790. Apr. 30. First act for a military establishment. 

1792. The armv increased. 

1763. Feb. 28. First pension act. 



The ])idia)is and Terriiorics {iy8g-i8oj). • 49 

T795. Increase in the army. 

II. The Militia. 

1789-1790. Acts tor the protection of the frontiers. 

1790. Jan. 18. Knox's report. 

1792, 1795. Acts tor calling out. 

T792. jMay 8. Act tor unitbrm organization. 

III. The Navy: Laloj-'s Cyclopaedia, 11. 988-989; Htldret/is 
U. S. IV. 480, V. 206. 

1794. Feb. I. First navy act. 
1 794-1801. Construction of ships. 

§120. (1789-1801.) Administrative system.— The Indians. 

MacMaster's U. S. i. 593-604, 11. 43-46; Schoulers U. S. i. 151- 
157, 191-199, 215-216, 280-283; IIildr€th''s U. S. iv. 138-147, 222, 
244-249, 284-287," 377-381, 443-44^, 520-522; Higginsoiis U. S. 
326-328; Von Hoist's Coustiljitional Lazv, § 38, note. 
1750-1775. Relations under the Colonies : § 29. 
1 7 76-1 78 1. Relations under the Continental Congress. 
1781-1788. Relations under the Confederation. 
1789-1801. Principles of national control. 
1789. Aug. Debate on treaties with Indians. 
1 790-1 796. Acts to regulate trade and intercourse. 
1 790-1 794. Indian wars. 
Effect of the Indian hostilities on the Federal policy. 

TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION (1789-1801). 

§121. (1789-1801.) Territorial system.— Territories. 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 159-163 ; Schonlcr's U. S. i. 97-101. 
149-150; IlildretJis U. S. iv. 205-206; Toombs in Stephens, i. 
629-635; Von Hoist's (Constitutional Law, § 53. 
1781-1788. System of the Confederation: §§ 52-54. 
1789. The public domain : Map. 
1789-1801. Principles of national control. 

a. "Territory" clause. 

/;. "Other property" clause. 

c. "Indians" clause. 

d. "New States" clause. 

1789. Aug. 7. Act confirming the Nortlnvest Ordinance. 

1790. May 26. x^ct regulating the "Territory South of the Ohio." 



rttblic Lauds {lySg-iSoi). 50 

1798. Territory of tlie Mississippi created. 
1800. May 7. Northwest Territory divided. 
1789-1801. Territorial officers and local government. 
1800. D. C. Von Ilolsfs, § 57. 

§22. (1789-1801.) TeiTitorial system.— Public lands.. 

Gallattii's Wor/cs, iii. 209-229; Donaldsons Public Domain, S^, 
164, 178, 196-198; Steven's Gallatin, 245-248: Schoulers U. S. i. 
198-199: Von Holsfs Constitutional Law, § 53, note. 

I. Elements- 

1781-1788. System of the Confederation: § 53, 62. 

1789. Area of public lands : Ala-p; Diagram. 

1789-1885. Principles of national control. 

1789. Expectations of large sales. 

1789-1801. Qiiestion of extinguishing Indian titles. 

1789-1801. Question of encouraging immigration. 

II. Negotiations with Indians. 

1789. Aug. 7. First Indian treat}- under the Constitution. 
1793-1800. Indian boundary line moved westward. 

III. Confirmation of previous grants. 

1789-1792. Acts on Virginia bounty lands, Vincennes tract, the 
Pennsvlvania Triangle, the S3anmes Company and the 
Ohio Company. 

1795-1802. Yazo(j land question. 

IV. Sales for revenue. 

1. By special act of Congress. 

1789. Aug. 7. Northwest ordinance confirmed. 

1789. May-July- Scott's land office bill tails ; Annals of Congress, 

411-416, 453, 622-630, 665, 673. 

1790. Jan. 20. Proposition tor sales by private contract: Annals 

of CongTcss, 1068-1072. 
Julv 20. Hamilton's report on a land office. 
Principles of the discussion. 
1789-1796. Amount of sales up to 1796. 

2. By sales at auction. 
1796. May 18. First land bill. 
T796-1801. Amount of sales. 

3. By land-offices. 

1800. Mav 10. Second land bill. 



New iitates and t/ie Bank (^lygo-ijgd) . 



51 



§ 123. (1789-1801.) Territorial system.— New States. 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 416-417, 420-322 ; Lalor's Cyclofae- 
dia,u\. io6t, ii. 671, iii. 891 ; McMaslcr's, U. S. 11. 32-35, 53-58; 
HildreUis U. S. iii. 529-530; 543; iv. 147-149; 209, 267-272,303, 
326; Schonlers U. S. i. 18S-189 ; Von Holsfs Civil Law, § 54. 
1781-1787. Policy of the Confederation, § 54. 
1 787-1885. Powers and duties of Congress. 

1 789-1 790. Special enactments relating to North Carolina and 
Rhode Island. 
Mar. 21. North Carolina ratifies (12th State). 
May 29. Rhode Island ratifies (i3lh State). 
Mar. 4. Vermont admitted (14th State) by act of Feb. 18, 
1791. 

Kentucky admitted (i5tli State) by act of Feb. 4, 
1791. 

Tennessee admitted (i6th State) by act of June i, 
1796. 
1789-1801. Principles of a balance betv^■een free and slave States. 
1779-1885. Are new States different from the original thirteen? 

ORGANIZx\TION OF THE NATIONAL BANK. 
§ 121. 1690-1790. The National Bank.— Elements. 



1789. 
1790. 
1791. 

1792. 

1796. 



June I, 
June I, 



Colonial paper issues and "loan olilces." 

The Bank of England. 

The Bank of North America : § 56. 

State banks. 

Qiiestion of giving power of chartering to Congress. 

Connection with Hamilton's financial schemics. 



1690-1750. 
1690-1789. 
1781-1789. 
1776-1789. 
1787-1789. 
1789-1790. 

§ 125. (1789-1790 ) The National Bank.— Purpose. 

Currency. 

Discounts. 

Exchange. 

Aid to tlie government. 

Aid to the federal system. 
§ 12s. (1790.) National Bank. Hamilton's Report. 
° Annals 0/ Cojigrcss (1789-1791), 20t,i-20^(^; JIa)ni lion's Works 
III. 106-146 ; Haniillon's Works, Lodge's ed. 
1790. Dec. 14. Report submitted. 

1. Causes of existing financial distress. 

2. Advantaires of a bank. 



Discussion of t lie Bank (^jyc^o). b'l 

3. Objections to a bank. 

4. Existing banks. 

5. Principles of establishment. 

6. Draft of a character. 

§ 127. (1790.) National Bank.— Question of expediency. 

Hildrctiis U. S. iv. 256-264; McMa&ters U. S. 11. 28-32; 
Lodges Hamilton, 99-106; Snoxus Guide, 24-27; Tuckers U. S. 
I. 450-458; Von Hoist's U. S. I. 104-106; Sdiouler's U. S. \. 158- 
162, 180. 
1791. Feb. I. Alarm raised in the House. 

I. Is a bank a good thing? 

2 

3 

4 

179 

I 
2 
3 
4 



Is this bill judicious? 

Are the details of this bill constitutional? 

Is the principle of chartering a bank constitutional? 

Feb. 21. The act approved. 
Stockholders. 
Management. 

Connection with the government. 
Monopoly. 

§ 128. (1790.) National Bank.— Question of Constitutionality. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 199-201, 612-613 '■> Ma^'shairs Works, 160- 
178; Hamilton s Works, iv. 105-121, and 'Jeffcrson''s Works, vii. 
555-561; Story's Commentaries, §§ 123-166; McMaster's U. S. 11. 
35-37 ; Vun Hoist's Civil Law, §§ 35, 36 (pp. I2i,i26n). 

A. Letter of the Constitution: Jefferson, vii. 555-561. 

I. Power to "borrow monev." 



Power to "lay taxes." 
Power over "property." 
Power to raise "fleets and armies." 
Power to act for "the general welfare." 
B. Spirit of the Constitution. Von Hoist, §§ 16-18. 

1. *Power to do what is " necessary and proper": Hamilton, \w. 

109-111. 

2. *Doctrine of implied powers : hamilton, iv. 105-106, 119-121. 
Strict and loose construction : Cox's Three Decades, 35-36 ; Wise's 
Seven Decades, 13-18. 

3. *Doctrine of resulting powers ; Hamilton, iv. 107. 

4. *Doctrine of the sovereignty of Congress : Knox's U. S. Notes 
Aff.ff. 206-207, 209, 226. 



Early Slavery {/yig-1804). 53 

§ 129. (1791-1811.) National Bank. History. 

Siivincrs Jackson, 227-229; AfcMasUrs U. S.w. 37-41 ; Schott- 
Icrs U. S. I. 179-181 ; Hildreih's U. S. iv. 264-267, 279. 
1791. Organization. 
1791-1811. Prosperous career. 
181 1. Expiration of the charter. 

1819. Held by the Supreme Court to be constitutional. 
1791-1811. Was it beneficial to the country? 
1791-1811. Was it necessary to the government? 

SLAVERY AS A LOCAL INSTITUTION (1619-1804). 
§130 (To 1619.) Slavery.— G-eneral Principles. 

nurd's Law of Freedom and Bondage, i. 1149-1154, 157-166. 
How may slavery arise? 
How ma}^ slavery be perpetuated? 
Ancient S3stem of slavery. 

Effect of Christianity ; mediaeval slaver}' : Draper, i. 118-120. 
Slavery of infidels and inferior races. 
Slavery of criminals. 
English freedom : Draper, i. 342-348. 

§131. (1619-1775.) Slavery.— Colonial. 

Draper, i. 183-197 ; Laloi-'s Cyclopaedia, iii. 725-727 ; Von 
Hoist's U. S. I. 277-280, I. Ill, 426-427 ; Greeley s American Con- 
flict, I. 24-32 : Hildreih's U. S. 11. 391-392, 419-430, iii. 563-567 ; 
Bancroft's U. S. iii. 403-406, 426-427 ; Wilson''s Slave Pozuer, i. 
2-7 ; Cox's Three Decades, 37-40 ; Wilson i. 1-7 ; Olmsted's Slave 
States, 221-227, 491-496. 

1492-1619. In Spanisli American colonies : Draper, i. 131, 134-136. 
1619. Aug. Introduction of slaves into Virginia. 
1619-1775. The slave trade : Colonial Outline, § 317 5 Dunbar's 

Topics in Political Economy, iv. p. 17. 
1619-1775. Character of colonial slavery : Colonial Outline, § 316. 
466-1772. English law and custom. 
1772. The Somerset case. 
1775. Legal status of slavery in the colonies. 

Indian slavery: Drapers Civil War, i. 183-187. 
Slavery under the Confederation : 1 775-1 788, Cox's Three Decades, 
38, 41-43 ; Greeley, i. 37-40. 



hiatus of ami Effect of Slavery {J77j-^7Sg) . 54 

§ 132. (1775-1789. ) Slavery.— Status in the States. 

Voii Ilolsl's U. S. I. 273-288 ; HarcCs Lazu of Freedom and 
Bondage^ i. 525-527; Williams Negro Race, i. 370-385, 402-411; 
HildretJi's U. S. in. 509-520, iv. 174-177 ; Schonlcrs U. S. i. 142- 
145 : Draper., i. 311-314' 324-326. 

1776. Effect of the Declaration of Independence : Wilson, i. 13-17 ; 
Stephens, 11. 87-88; Draper, i. 312-313: Greeley, i. 33-37. 
1775-1781. The negro in the Revolution : Wilson, i. 18-20. 
1775-1789. Slavery recognized in State constitutions. 
1781-1789. The slave trade discouraged. 
1 781- 1 787. Qiiestion of the return of fugitives. 

Unpopularity of slaver}' : Draper, i. 324-325. 

§133. (1789.) Slavery.— Social effect. 

Von Hoists U. S. I. 340-357 ; Greeley s American ConJiict,i. 66- 
71 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia, iii. 727-732 ; Pollard's Lost Cause, 45-53. 

I. Ths system describsd : Gregg s U. S. n. 1-5. 
Plantation life and slaves. 

House and body servants. 
Free negroes. 
Discipline. 
Slave codes. 
Excuses for slavery. 

II. Economic effect. 

1. Staple products: Von Holsfs.U. S. i. 351-353'- Draper, i. 
297-300. Cotton. The cotton gin. Rice. Sugar. Slaves. 

2. Population: Von Holsfs U. S.\. Z^^Ti^^'^ Greeley's American 
Conjiict, I. 70-71. 

3. Productive capacity. 

On the white race: Draper, 1. 206-207. 
III. Moral effect. 

1. On the slaves. 

2. On the masters. 

3. On free labor. 

IV. Political effect- 

1. Dangers from slave risings. 

2. Dangers from free speech. 

3. Sectional rivalry and prejudice. 

4. Changes of apportionment : Diagram. 

5. Changes of relative rank of States : Diagram. 



^i(cstio)i of H}iia>icipation. {iyj=;-i804.) 55 

§ 134. (1775-1804.) Slavery.— Emancipation. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 973-974: Von IloJsfs U. S. i. 273-301. 

Slavery. Opposition to.— Societies; 1782-1793. Wilson's Slave 

PozL'cr, r. 22-30; Goodell,()^-(^'] : Greeley, i. 107-108. 

Slavery.— Slave Trade limited : 1788, Mass.: Drape?-, i. 320-321. 

Draper, i. 321-323; Goodell, Slavery and Anti-Slavery^ 112-117: 

HildretJis U. S. 11. 563-564, iv^ 638, v. 310-311 ; Bancrofts's U. S. 

{last rev.), v. 404-405, 411-421, vi. 179-1S0, 291 ; Schouler's U. S. 

I. 142-145; Mc Master s U. S, 11. 20-22; Wilsons Slave Pozver, i. 

20-22; Greeley's American Conjliet, i. 49-52, 108; Goodell, 107-117. 

1774-1780. European spirit ol" opposition to slavery. 

1740-1775. American spirit of opposition to slavery : Goodell, 91-95. 

1777. (i) Vermont bill ot" rights: Hurd's Law of Freedom and 

Bondage, 11. 37. 
1780. (2) Massachusetts constitution: Hurd's Law of Freedom 

and Bondage, 11. 28, 29 n. Draper, i. 313-319. 
1780. (3 ) Pennsylvania emancii)ation act : Hard's Law of Freedom 
and Bondage, 11. 67. 

1783. (4) New Hampshire constitution : Lhird's Lazv of Freedo?n 

and Bondage, 11. 35. 

1784. (5) Rhode Island act: Hard's Law of Freedom and Bond- 

age, II. 48. 
1784. (6) Connecticut act : Hard' s Lazv of Freedom and Bondage, 

II. 42. 
1799 (7) N^t-w York act Hard's Lazv of Freedom and Bondage, 

"• 53.55- 
1804. (8) New Jersey act : Hard's Lazv of Freedom and Bondage 

II. 6t^ : "^ Williams, 11. 19-22. 
1782-17S5. Ai^ilation in Virginia. Hard's Law of Freedom and 

Bondage, 11. 3. 
1785-1794. Expectati(m of general emancipation. 

NATIONAL REGULATION OF SLAVERY (i 787-1808). 

§135. (1987-1808.) Slavery Legislation.— Constitutional 

Provisions. 

See §§ 80, 83 ; The Constitution, Art. i. Sec. 2, § 3, Sec. 9. § i ; 
Art. IV. Sec. 2. §-3 ; Greeley's American Conflict, i. 41-49; Goodell, 
81-90; Draper, i. 326-328; Tooml)S in Stephens, i. 628-629; Ste- 
phens, II. 24-26. 



Slavery Memorials and Fiio-itive Slave Laiv {i/"/8-i8o8.) 5(5 

1. Direct taxes by federal ratio. 

2. Right to prohibit tlie .shive trade in t8o8. 

3. Limitations on an abridgment of citizenship: Bancroft's Consli- 
tution, II. 141-T43 ; Bancroft's U. S. (last rev.), vi. 308-309. 

4. Duty of returning fugitives: Bancroft's Constitution, 11. 143- 
144; Bancroft's U. S. {last rev.), vi. 310; Wilso^i's Slave 
Pozucr, I. 53-56. 

5. Indirect influence of tariffs and navigation laws. 
6. The territorial question not raised. 

136. (1790-1808.) Slavery Legislation. -- Reception of Memo- 
rials. • 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 89-94, 305-309; McMasters U. S. i. 578- 
579, II. 21-22; Gays Madison, 159-169; Schoulers U. S. i. 145- 
148; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 177-205 ; Wilson, i. 60-68; Goodell, Slav- 
ery and Anti-Slavery, 97-103, 224-225 ; Wise's Seven Decades 18-19. 
1790. Feb. II, 12. Memorials submitted: Annals of Congress, 

1183, 1198. 
Mar. 16. Report on the powers of Congress : Annals of 

Congress, 1523. 
Mar. 53. Amended report entered on the journal : Annals of 
Congress, 1524. 
1792-1794. Petitions of Q^iakers and others. 

1797. Jan. 30. Petitions of kidnapped negroes: Annals of Con- 
gress, 2016. 
1800. Jan. 2. Petitions of free negroes: Annals of Congress, 229, 

240, 245, Williams, 11. 1-3. 
1806. Question of trade with Havti. 

137. (1778-1808.) Slavery Legislation.— Fugitive slave law. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 296-300, 309-315 ; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 
315 ; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 406-407 ; Snow's Guide, 57 ; Wilson, i. 
69-78; Goodell, 227-233. 
1778. Aug. 9. Clause in the treaty with the Delawares. 

Apr. 6. King's proposition for the Northwest Territory. 

Clause introduced into third compromise. 

Apr. 7. Clause in the Creek treaty. 

Jul}' 18, Oct. 27. Pennsylvania-Virginia case submitted to 
Concrress. 
1793. Feb. 12. Fugitive slave act; Stat, at Large, i. 302-305. 



1785 
1787 
1790 
1791 



Legislation on Slavery {lySg-lSoi) . i')7 

Extradition clause. 
Fugitive slave clauiyc. 
1793-1801. Fugitive slave cases. 

1802. Jan. Second bill proposed: Anna]<i of Congress, 336, 423. 

138. (1789-1803.) Slavery legislation.— The slave trade. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 315-328: Lalor's Cyclofacdia, ni. 732-733, 
737: Williams' ^\-gro Race, i. 1-9, 427-440; Dunbar's Topics in 
Political Economy , iv. ^. 17 ; Sc/itiyler's American Diflomacy , 233- 
238: Wilson's Slave Pozver, i. 74-97. 

Slavery— Status of Free Blacks : Goodell, 235, 237, 238. 

Slavery— District of Columbia : Goodell, 225-227, 233-234. 
The -Middle Passage"' McMaster's U. S. 11. 15-17. 
1789. Proposed lax : Wilson, i. 57-60. 
1789-1808. Number of slav'es imported. 
1794-1800. Export prohibited. 

1803. Feb. 28. Act in support of state enactments. 
1804-1806. Petitions and debates : Adams' Memoirs, i. 339-378. 
1807. Mar. 2. Slave trade prohibited. 

Qiiestion ot internal slave trade : ^ay, 275-276. 
Qj.iestion of the punishment of traders. 

Qiiestion ot the disposition to be made of captured blacks. 
1807. England abolishes the s]a\e trade : Goodell, ^^2-6^ ; Blaine, 
I. 172-173. 

139. (1789-1801.) Slavery.— Legislation.— The territories. 
Von JIolsl's U. S. I. 285-288, 309 ; Greeley's American Conjlict, 

I. 52-53 : Toombs in Stephens, j. 632-635. 

1789. Status of slavery within the domain of the United Slates. 

Contirmation of the sectional division: § 134. 

Effect of the North Carolina cession. 

Slavery in the Mississippi territor}-. 

Effect of the Georgia cession. 

District of Columbia. 

Effect of the Georgia cession. 
1789-1808. Attempt to introduce sla\-ei-y into tlie Northwest : Wil- 
liams, II. 3-8. 

140. (1789 1808.) Slavery.— Growth of the System. 
Greeley's American Conjlict, i. 57-71 ; \^on Hoist's U. S. i. 333- 

339, 340-556: Cairnes' Slave Power, 106-107. 
1789-1808. Slow disap]H'arance of slavery in the North. 
1789-1808. Status of free negroes. 



1790 
1790 
1798 
1802 
1800 

l802 



Elcmoits of Parties {i6g'J-rj ^j). 5B 

1793. Invention of the cotton-gin. 

1789-1808. The voice of the clunxhes weaker: Gvudc//, 105-109. 

1789-1808. Appearance of a sectional divergence: Pollanrs Lost 

Cause, 45-49. 
1689-1808. Joint and national responsibility for slaverv. 

RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES (1789-1793). 
§ 141. Parties. — Necessity of party government. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, in. 96-112 ; *(j7-ane & Moses, 265-286 ; Macyy 
166-193. 

What are part es? 
The nsual lines of party division. 
Theor\' of the four stages of political experience. 
Disadvantages ot part}' government. 
x\dvantages of party government. 

§142. (1690-1755.) Parties.— Before the Constitution. 

Schotilers U. S. i. 47-52; LaJors Cvclopaedia, i. 99; Hildreili's 

u. s. III. 533-536. 

1690-1750. Interior part}' divisions and contests. 
1690-1750. No general division throughout the colonies, 
1750-1775. Union of those opposed to taxation. 
1775-1781. Division into Whigs and Tories. 
1781-1787. Gradual union of the commercial classes. 
1781-1787. No national political parties. 

1787. Sectional and political discussions in the convention : § 78. 
1787-1790. Federalists and Anti-Federalists : § 84. 
§ 143. (1789-1793.) Parties.— Elements. 
HildretJis U. S. iv. 344-352 ; Sc/ionler's U. S. i. 165-175 ; Gafs 
Madison, i. 172-176, 184-192; Morse's yefferson, 106-110 ; 'Jo/rn- 
ston's American Politics, 1-2 ; Higginson's U. S. 309-332. 

1. Division into social classes: See § 96. 
Aristocracy. 

Charge of distrust of the people. 
Charo-e of desirino- a monarchv. 
Democracy. 

2. Division into economic classes : See § 97. 
The commercial and creditor class. 

The debtor class. 

3. Division on foreign relations: See § 98; Higginson's U. S. 



Development of Parties {lySg-iygo). 59 

Friends of England. 
Friends of France. 

4. Division into sections: Sec § 94; Draper, 1. 241-252. 
The North. 

The Middle States. 
The Sonth. 

5. Division on constitutional construction. 
Nationalists. 

State rights men. 

6. *Theories of origin. {Read all references tinder 6.) 

1. Old Whigs and Tories: Ornisby's Whig- Party, 14. 

2. Patriots and Loyalists : Hamiltov''s Rcfublic, iv. 417. 

3. Friends and foes of the Constitution : Toung, 73. 

4. Friends and foes of popular government : Van Bnren's Political 
Parties 62-74 ' Madison, iv. 481-482. 

5. Friends and foes of monarchy ; yefferson, vii. 390-391. 

6. Strict-constructionists and loose-constructionists : Von Hoist's 

U. S.i. 77-78. 
§ 144. (1789-1793) Parties.— Formation. 
Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 99-100; Schouler's U. S. i. 53-55, 175- 
178; Lodgr's Hatnilton, 136-140. Bibl. Snow's Guide, 36; Short's 
Reference Lists, pp. 40-41. 

1789. Old political organizations dissolved. 
1786-1791. Accepiance of the constitution. 

2790. Commercial question of public credit: See § 109. 

1790. Sectional question of assumption and capital : See § no. 

1791. Constitutional question of the bank: See § 128. 
1791-1793. Personal question ; rivalry of Hamilton and Jefferson. 
1793. Foreign question of the French alliance. 

1793. Qiiestion ot aristocracy ; Democratic clubs. 

1794. Social question of the strength of the government; Whiskey 
Rebellion. 

§145. (1790-1793.) Parties.— The Republicans. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, \. 99-100, i. 768-772 : McMastcrs U. S. u. 
89-96. BiBL. Lai or' s Cyclopaedia, i. 100. i. 778 ; Stephen's Galla- 
tin. lOO-iii, 125-136. 
Elements of which it was made up. 
The name. 
Partv principles. 



Party Dispjttcs {jySg-ijgj). 60 

Party spirit and tendencies. 
Part}' leaders. 
Party organs. 

§ 146. (1789 1793) Parties.— The Federals. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, ii. 165-168; Morse's, yohti Adams, 241-256. 
BiBL. Lai or s Cyclop)aedia, 11. 172. 
Elements. 
The name. 
Party principles. 
Party spirit and tendencies. 
Part}" leaders. 

§147. (1789-1793.) Parties.— Quarrels in the Cabinet. 
Lodge's Ila mill on, 140-148; Aforsc's yejferson , 132-145; Schoiil- 
ers U. S. 201-212; Hildretli's U. S. \v. 297-300; 358-373; Gay's 
Madison, 193-197. 
Personal character of Washington. 
Effort to form a non-partisan cabinet. 
1789-1892. Division of the cabinet into tactions. 
Assumption-capital compromise. 
Qiiestion of patronage. 
Qiiestion of the bank. 
Mutual distrust. 
1792-1793. Personal quarrel between Jefferson and Hamilton. 
1790-1793. Effect on the administration. 
1793. Dec. Jefferson's withdrawal. 

§148. (1789-1793) Parties.— Character of party leaders. 
Von Hoist's U. S, I. 156-167 ; Lodge's LJamilton, 271-384, and 
Morse's yefferson, iii-[i3, and Gay's Madison, 186-192. 

1. Was Jefferson a demagogue? 

Hamilton's opinion : '^Hamilton's Republic^ iv. 525-526. 

2. Was Madison insincere? 

3. *Was Hamilton a "monarchist"? I'^on Hoist's U. S. i. 109- 
112; Lodge's Hamilton, 60-63, 148-157; Morse's Jejf'erson, 
111-132; Schouler's U. S. i. 216-220; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 
331-348, 384-385, 271-405; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 435; 
Higginson's U. S. 315-320. 

1792. May 23. Jefferson's opinion : yeffcrsoji's Works, iii. 459- 
464. vn. 390, IX. Qi, III, 145. 
Aug. Washington's opinion : Was/iingtons, x. 2S1. 



Porcig}i Relations {ijSg-iygj) . 61 

Election of 1792 : O' Neil, 41-51. 
4. Was there a " corrupt treasury squadron"? AIcMaslcrs U. S. 
II. II 4- 119; Gay s Madison, 197-203. 

Jefferson's opinion : ycffcrsoiis Works, ix. 121-123. 
Funding system. 
Bank. 

Alleged bribery. 
Complicated book-keeping. 
1793. ?vlar. Giles' resolutions break down: Lodge's Hainilton, 
216-220. 

FOREIGN AFFAIRS (i 793-1 796). 
§149. (1789-1793.) Foreign Affairs.— Elements. 

HildretJis U. S. iv. 123-137 ; McMasier's U. S. 11. S9-97 ; Lodge's 
Hamilton, 153-161 ; Gays Madison, 193-203 ; Von Hoist's U. S. 1. 
107-111 ; Higoi}isoiis U. S. 328-329, cf. § 72. 
Foreign affairs: — Principles, c/". § 105. 
Neutral rights : § 72 ; Schuyler, 376-379. 
Neutral duties : Schuyler, 300-304. 
1789. Treaty obligations of the United States. 

France. — England. — Commercial treaties. 
1783-1793. Relations with England. 
1 789-1 793. The French Revolution, and its effects on the United 

States. 
1789-1793. Foreign affiliations of parties in the United States. 
1789. Relations with Spain. 

1792. *Re-election of Washington : Stanwood's Presidential Elec- 
tions, 17-23; McMaster's U. S. 11. 85-88; Schotder's U. S. 

I. 212-214; Hildreth's U. S. iv. 409-410. 

Act on counting the electoral vote. 

Qiiestion of a second term : Jefferson, in. 360, ix. 121 ; 

Washington, x. 286. 

Candidates for Vice-President. 

Choice of electors. 

Electoral vote: Diagram : Maf. 

i 150. (1792-1793.) Foreign affairs— Neutrality. 

Lodge's Hamilton, 161 -166 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 106-112 ; 
Snozv's Guide, 41-45 ; Gay's Madison, 203-208. 
Principles 01 neutrality : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 1003-1009. 

Duties of neutrals. 



French and Etiglish Relations {ijgj- i~g4). 62 

Ricrhts of neutrals. 

1792. Apr. 14. Act for carrying out the consular convention. 

1793. Apr. 5. News of the French declaration of war. 

Arrival ot' Minister Genet at Charleston. 
DitEculties in the vva}^ of neutrality. 
Necessity of neutrality. 
Qiiestions relating to the treaty. 

Was it binding now that France was a republic? 

Was this a defensive war? 

1793. Apr. 22. Proclamation of neutrality. 

1794. June 5. Neutrality act. 

1794-1885. Neutral policy of the Government. 

§151. (1793.) Foreign.— Genet Affair. 

Schouler's U. S. i. 246-250; Lodge's Hamilton^ 166-175 ' Mo7'sc's 
'Jeffci'son, 146-165 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia^ 1. 768, 11. 327-331 : Von 
Hoist's U. S. I. 1 1 3-1 18 ; Mc Master's U. S. 11. 97-114, 1 19-124, 134- 
141 ; Gays Madison, 208-215 ; Higgiiison's U. S. 329-330. 
Principles of consular powers: Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 613-615. 
Genet's commissions to privateers. 
Genet's enlistments. 
Genet's schemes for attacking Spain. 

May-June. Captures by Genet's privateers. 

Henfield case. 
July 12. Escape of the "Little Democrat." 
Aug. Genet's appeal to the public. 
Effect on the parties. 
Democratic clubs. 
Genet recalled. 

§152. (1789-1793.) Foreign. — Complications with England. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 634-635, iii. 945 ; Schoulcrs U. S. 1. 
265-273 ; Snozv's Guide, 36-38 ; Hildrcth's U. S. iv. 440-443 ; Lodge's 
Hamilton, 175-180; Mc Master's U. S. 11. 165-188; Gay's Madison^ 
216-220; Von Hoist's U. S., I. 120-122. 

I. Grievances. 

1. Non-surrender of the western posts. 

2. Commercial discriminations. 

3. Impressment. 

4. Threat of Indian war. 

5. Neutral trade prevented. 



The yay Treaty {iyg^-jyg6). 63 

II. Prinoiples of neutral trade •• Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 290-293, 
621-623 ; Woohcys Intcriia/ioiuil Law, 193-207. 

a. Contraband of war. 

/;. Blockade. 

c. "Rnle of 1756." 

III. (1794- ) War threatened. 

1793. Dec. 16. Jefferson's report on Commerce. 

1794. Jan. -Feb. Madison's retaliatory resolutions. 

Mar. -Apr. First act for fortifications, an arsenal and a navy. 

Mar. 26. First embargo. 

Mar. 27. Sequestration resolution. 

Apr. 7. Non-intercourse resolution. 

Principles of embargoes ; Laloj-'s Cyclopaedia, 11. 79-81 ; 

Short's Reference Lists, ^.64. 

Apr. 16-19. J'^}' appointed envoy to Great Britain. 
§153. (1794-1796.) Foreign affairs.— Jay treaty. 
Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 636-638, in. 945 : Schoiders U. S. i. 
289-299,316: Von Holsfs U. S. I. 122-128; Lodge's Llamllton, 
175-180, 188-194; McMaster's U. S. 11. 188,212-235; Gay's Madi- 
son^ 220-225, 227-228; Stevens' Rajidolph, 25-27; Lllgginsons 
U. S. 331 ; Schityler's American Diplomacy, 426-427. Bibl. La- 
lors Cyclopaedia, 11. 638; Short's Reference Lists, pp. 64-65. 

1. Selection of an envoy. 

2. Questions to be settled : See § 152. 

June 15-Nov. 19. (3) Negotiations with Grenville. 
Nov. 19. (4) The treaty signed. 

Qiiestion of compensation for negroes. 
Question of posts and boundary. 
Question of claims for illegal seizures. 
Treaty of commerce. 
Article xii, on the West India trade. 
179=;. June 24. (5) Expediency. Ratification by the Senate : and 
III Curtis' American Orations, i. 64-82. 
June 29-1796. Violent popular opposition. 
Aug. Disclosure of "Despatch No. 10.'' 

19. Washington approves the treat}'. 
Nov. Protests of the States. 
1796. Apr. 29. The House votes in favor of the treat} . 
June. Western posts surrendered. 
Attitude of France. 
Could a better treatv have been obtained? 



yay Treaty and Spa}/ ink Treaty {lyg^-ijgj) . 64 

§153. (1795-1796.) Foreign affairs.— Constitutional -ques- 
tions raised by the Jay treaty. 

Stevens' Gallatin., 113-125 ; Schoidcrs U. S. i. 308-317; Story s 
Comnicntaries, § 1835 ' McMaster's U- S. 11. 263-281 ; Gay's 
Madison, 225-227. 

1. Constitutional principles of ratification : Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 
III. 938-940. 

2. Qiiestion of calling for documents. 
1796. Mar. 9. Amended treaty arrives. 

24. House calls for all the papers. 
30. Washington refuses : Washington, xii. 112-113. 
Apr. 7. Resolutions of the House : HildrctJi's U. S. iv. 589. 

3. Constitutional question of refusing appropriations. 
1796. Apr. 13. Debate on carrying out treaties. 

1796. Apr. Gallatin's plan of delay ;. the appropriation voted. 

1816-1867. Later discussions. 

§155. (1789-1795.) Foreign affairs.— Relations with Spain. 
HildretJis U. S. iv. 134-136, 569, v. 238-239 ; Sc/wulers U. S. i. 
107; McMaster's U. S. 11. 141-144 : Schuyler s American Diplo- 
macy, 271-280. 

A. 1789-1794. International difficulties. 

a. Florida boundary question. 

b. Intrigues to detach the West. 

c. Genet's scheme of invading Louisiana. 

d. Mississippi navigation. 

B. 1795- Oct. 27. Treaty of the Esciirial. 
Boundar}' settlement. 

Right of deposit at New Orleans. 
c. Miranda projects. 

Foreign affairs. Barbary Powers : Schuyler, 20^-218. 

FEDERAL POLICY (1794-1798). 
§156. (1794-1798.) "Whiskey Rebellion.. 

HildretKs U. S. iv. 373-376, 498-516; Stevens' Gallatin, 69-99: 
Schonler's U. S. i. 214-215; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, iii. 1108-1112; 
McMaster's U. S. 11. 41-43, 189-204; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 98-104; 
Outline, 1883-84, Led. xxv., 1884-85, Led. xv. 1885-86, Led. xix ; 
Lodge's Hamilton, 180-187. 

I. Causes of the outbreak. 
Character of the western settlers. 
1790-1792. Excise legislation. 



Whiskey Rebellion and Rctire»ieiit of Washington {jyg4-iyg6) . 65 

1792-1794. Violent opposition. 

2. Attempt to suppress by ordinary means. ' 
1794. (3) Armed outbreak. 

Constitutional questions of coercion. 

1794. Aug. Means of coercion. 

Consent of the State: Wharton, 162. 
"Suppressing rebellion." 
"Combinations to prevent execution.'" 
Proclamation (issued August 7) : WJiarton, 155-156. 
1794- (5) Suppression of tlie rebellion. 

Oct. -Nov. MilitarN' expedition. 

Nov. Collapse of tlie rising: arrests and examination. 
Qiiestion of Gallatin's responsibilitv. 

1795. (6) Judical proceedings: Stevens^ Gallatin, 99; Wharton, 

176-183. 

1795. Mitchell and Vigol treason cases. 
(7) Effects of the rebellion. 

{a) Strength given to the Government. 
1705. Feb. 28. (/>•) Amended act for calling out the militiii. 
(yC) Discouragement of Democratic societies. 

§ 157. (1794-1797. ) Retirement of President Washington 

Schoulei-'s U. S. I. 327-331 ; V^on Holsfs U. S. i. 132-137 ; Stan- 
-lVOocVs Presidential Elections, 24-29 ; McMastcr's U. S. 11. 288- 
307 : Ili^giv son's U. S. 331-332. 

I. (1794-1796.) Monroe's mission to France : Gihnan's Monroe, ^^d^- 
68: Schoulers U. S. i. 317-326; Lalors Cyclopaedia^ iir. 11 22: 
Gays Madison, 220-232 : Von Holsfs U. S. i. 1 28-131. 
1794. June. Monroe sent out in place of Morris. 

Aug. -Sept. Reception by the Convention. — Flag episode. 
1794-1796. Negotiations. — Anger of the French at the Jay 
treaty. 

1796. Sept. Recall. — Criticisms on his course. 

Dec. French government refuses to receive Pinckney. 

II. Eesolution to Retire. 

1793-1797. Changes in the Cabinet. 

1796. Mazzei letter and breach with Jefferson. 

1796. Qiiestion of a third term. 

Sept. 17. Farewell address. 
Ill- Election of 1796 : Stanwood's Presidential Elections, 24-28 ; 



Adams'' Policy a//d tJ/e X T Z {/y(^y-j8oj). 66 

Morse's John Ada ins, 256-263; Sc/wiilcrs U. S. i. 434; Il/ldrct/i's 
U. S. IV. 687-701 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 130-134. 

Candidates. — Federal and Republican. 

Intrigue to defeat Adams. 

Manifesto of the French minister. 

1796. Electoral' vote : Diagram. 

1789-1797. Review of Washi no-ton's administration. 

§ 158. (1797-1801.) Adams' Administration.— Elements. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 16S-170; Morse's yo/ni Adams, 265-277 ; 
McMasUrs U. S. 11. 308-311, 471-472; Higginsous U. S. S33- 
344; Von Holsfs U. S. i. 134-137 ; Bibl. Foster's References. 5-8 
Adams' character. 
Adams' policy. 

The Cabinet and its relations to the President. 
Appointments. 

1795-1797. Treaties with the Barbary powers: /lildreilis U. S. 
IV. 133' 457-459' 566-567. 
§ 159. (1797-1799.) The X Y Z Affair. 

Schoulers U. S. i. 345-351, 374-391 ; Von Holsfs U. S. i. 137- 
142; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 290, iii. 1122-1127; Morse's yohn 
Adams, 277-299; Stevens' Gallatin, 154-158; McMasters U. S. 11. 
320, 367-388, 404-408 ; Uigginson's LL S. 340-343 ; HildretJis v. 207. 

1797. Ma}' 15. Special message on the insult of Pincknev. 
June. Pincknev, Gerry and Mai shall sent out. 

Oct. -Nov. Tbe X Y Z overtures. 

1798. April. Gerr}- remains to treat separately. 
June 21. Adams' message on the crisis. 

April-Ma}^ Military and naval preparation. 
Conflicts on the ocean. 
Qviestion of Hamilton's command. 
§ 160. (1789 1800.) Alien and Sedition Acts. 
Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 56-58 ; Schoulers U. S. i. 292-404 : Me- 
Master's U. S. 11. 389-403 ; Gays Madison, 239-243. Bibl. Pres- 
toiCs Doctivients, 277. 

I. Third Naturalization Act : Schoulers U. S. i. 393: ITHdreih's 
U. S. V. 213-214, 216; See § 147. 

1798. Proposition to exclude foreigners from office : Annals oj' Con- 
gress, 1570. 

Constitutional question of citizenship. 



Alien and Sedition Acts {lygS-iSoo). 67 

June i8. Tiie aci approved. 

II. Alien Act : Story's Commentaries, §§ 1 286-1 289; Schoolers 
U. S. I. 394-399: ^ Prestoiis DocjtDients, 2^S-2So. 

1798. Apr. Withdrawal of many Republican members. 

Constitutional questions : Madison, iv. 524-532. 
a. Personal libert}^ 
h. Migration. 

c. Judicial functions ot" the executive. 
June 28. The act approved. 

III. Alien Enemies Act- 

1798. May 8. Sewall's proposition for expelling alien enemies : 
Annals 0/ Congress, 1566, 1631, 1776. 
Constitutional question of the status of enemies. 
Julv 6. Act approved. 

IV. Sedition Act = Schouler's U. S. 1. 394-404 ; Von Hoist's 
U. S. I. 141-143 ; HildretJi's U. S. v. 225-232 ; '^Preston's Docn- 
nirn/s, 280-282. 

1798. June. Arrest of the editor of the Aurora. 

29. Senate sedition bill. 

Constitutional questions: Madison, iv. 532-550; 
Schuyler in yohnston's American Orations, i. %'^- 

95- 

a. Freedom of speech and the press : Story's 

Commentaries, §§ 1885-1886; Lalors Cyclo- 
paedia^ II. 315-324. 

b. Common law jurisdiction. 

e. Habeas corpus : Cooley, 128-131. 
Julv 9. Bayard's amendment : truth a defence : Annals of 
Congress. 2134. 
14. The act approved. 

Petitions against the act. 

1799. Feb. 25. Goodrich's report: HildrelJis U. S. v. 297-302. 

1800. Jan. Attempt to repeal : Schouler's U.S. i. 455-456. 
Application of the acts : Schouler's U. S. I. 420-421, 448-450; 

Hildreth's U. S. v. 247-250, 352, 365-368; McMaster's U. S. 11. 
399-401, 466-473. Cooke's Virginia, 482-483. 

1. Naturalization act — amended. 

2. Alien act — not executed. 

3. Alien enemies act — not in force. 

4. Sedition act. — Lyon, Cooper, and Callender cases. 



Vi7'giiiia and Kciitncky j-esohitions {^jyg8-l8oo) . 68 



VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS (1798-1800). 

§ 161. (1798-1800 ) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.— 
Causes. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia., r. 770-772. 
Party spirit. 
Sectional differences. 
1798. June I. Jefferson's letter on separation: ycffcrson, iv. 245- 
248. 
Alarm at Federal legislation. 

Fundamental differences ot Constitutional mterpretation. 
Expectation of arousing the other States. 

§162. (1798-1799.) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. — 

Form. 

Lalors Cyclofacd/a, 11. 672-674 ; Von Ilolsfs U. S. i. 143-150 : 
McMastcr's U. S. 11. 418-426; Bibl. Foster's References, f. 6; 
Outline 1885-86, Led. xxi- ; Greeley s American Conflict., i. 81-84. 
1798. Nov. 19. *First Kentucky resolutions : ° Shalers Kentucky, 

409-416 : '^Preston's Docnnients, 287-295 ; Elliot's 

Debates, iv. 540-544. 

1798. Dec. 21. *Virginia resolutions : ^Preston's Documents, 2^^- 

287 : Elliot's Debates, iv. 528-532 ; ^Stephens, i. 
276-278. 

1799. Nov. 22. *Second Kentucky resolutions: ^Preston's Docii- 

nients, 295-298; Elliots Debates, iv. 544-545. 

1800. Madison's report : ^Elliot's Debates, iv. 546-580 ; Stephens, i. 
578-620; J"s drat't; ^Stephens, i. 570-576. 

§163. (1795-1800.) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions — 
Discussion. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 674-677 ; Von LL)lst's U- S. i. 143-158 : 
Hildreth's U. S. v. 272-277 ; Schoalers U. S. i. 422-424 ; Shalers 
Kentucky, 141-144 : Gay s Madison, 243-251 ; Adams's Pandolpk, 28- 
39. Bibl. Preston's Documents, 284: Lalor's Cyclopaedia, ilG"]"]. 
Authorship of the resolutions. 

Meaning of "Interposition." 
Meanincr of "Nullification." 
Was forcible resistance intended? Adams" s Randolph, 25-27 ; Cooke's 

Virginia, 450-451. 
Washington's fears: Washingion, xr. 387-389. 



Question of the filial Arbitei-. 69 

Hamilton's letters: Hamilton, vi. 384; Ilainiltons Republic, vii 

277. 
John Randolph's testimony : "J. A. Hamilton's Reminiscences, 30. 

§164. (1698 1800.) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- 
Effect. 

1799. Feb-Oct. Counter replies of other States. 
1799-1801. Effect on the parties. 

1799-1832. EtTect as a precedent. 
1799-1861. EtTect on political doctrine. 

REMEDY FOR USURPATION (1789-1885). 

§165. (1789-1885.) Remedy for Usurpation— "Interposition." 

Von Ilolsfs U. S. 1. 150-196; Alad/son's IVorlcs, iv. 85-106. 
I. By a declaration that a given act has no force anywhere. 

1. Nature of irovernment. Other Confederations. 

2. The Constitution. 

3. The ''fathers." Expectation of a conflict: federalist (Daza- 
soji's eel,.) XVI. pp. 100-106. 

1787. (4) Madison's view : negative. 

1788. Madison's view : Supreme Court : federalist, xxxvui.p. 265. 

1800. Madison's view : "Interposition": Viroinia Resolutions, ^ 2- 
1830. Madison's view: "Amendment"': Story's Commentaries, 

§ 396 «• 
1832. (II) "Nullitication" of acts in single States only. 

1861. (Ill) "Secession,'" appeal to arms. 

§ 166. (1789-1835.) Remedy for "CJsurpation.— Is there a final 
arbiter ? 

Von Hoist's Constitutional Lazv, pp. 17-19. 
I. Argument ot necessity of an arbiter. 

From the nature of government : Kent, i. 296-298. 
Provisions of the Constitution : Art. iv. : Story s Commentaries, §§ 
1637-1642. 
Testimony. 

a. Of "the fathers." 

h. Of jurists : Story's Commentaries, § 1591. 

c. Of the Supreme court : Marshall, 22']-22S. 



yndicial Remedy for Usurpation. 70 

Practice. 

Analogy of international law. 

2. Is the arbiter within the Stale governments? 
Executive department. 

Legislative department. 
State courts. 
State conventions. 

3. Is the arbiter within the national government? 
Executive department. 

Congress. 
National courts. 
General convention. 

§167. (1789-1885.) Remedy for Usurpaticn.— Is there 
remedy for the individual? 

1. Controversies between citizens. 

a. Of the same State: Story's Coimneiitarfes, § 1660. 

b. Of different States or nations. 

Doctrine of cases arising under the constitution : Marshall, 224. 

2. Controversies between a State and its citizens. 

a. The state as plaintiff. 

b. As prosecutor. 

c. The state as defendant. Doctrine of writ of error (Cohens vs. 
Virginia). 

3. Controversies between a State and the citizens of another State. 

a. As plaintiff. 

b. As defendant. (Eleventh Amendment.) 

c. Doctrine oi bona fide suits (New York vs. Mississippi). 

4. Controversies between a State and a foreign State. 

5. Controversies between States. Qiiestion of sovereignty. 

§168 (1789-1885) Remedy for usurpation.— Is there a ju- 
dicial remedy against States? 

BiBL. in Stephens, iv. 451-462. 

1. Is a sovereign State suable without its consent? Marshall, 228, 

230. 

2. Have States given consent by ratifying the Constitution? Mar- 

shall, 223-226. 

3. Did the framers of the Constitution intend that States should be 

sued? Story's Commentaries, §§ 388-395. 



RcDicdy for Usurpation by the United States. 71 

4. Have the United Stales courts maintained jurisdiction? 
1793. Aug. Case of Georgia t'.s\ Brailstbrd. 

1793. Feb. Case of Chisholms z'5. Georgia : Story's Coiiriiiciitarics, 

§ 1677. 

Agitations in Massachusetts and Georgia. 

1794. Mar. 5. Eleventh Amendment proposed. 
1798. Adoption of the Eleventh Amendment. 
1809. Ohnstead case. 

1830. Case of Worcester vs. Georgia. 

§ 169. (1789-1885.) Remedy for Usurpation.— Is there a ju- 
dicial remedy against the United States? 

1. Wlio decides between departments of the general government? 
a. Executive and legislative. (Treaties.) 

L':;gislative and executive. (Tenure of Office.) 
/). Judicial and executive. (Marbury vs. Madison.) 

Executive and judicial. (Habeas Corpus.) 
c. Judicial and legislative. (Dred Scott Case.) 

Legislative and judicial. (Court of Claims.) 

2. Who decides between the individual and the o-eneral o-overnment? 

a. Doctrine of specific cases : Story's Comnicniarics, § 1640. 

b. Doctrine of "obiter dictum." 

c. Doctrine of judicial cases : Story's CoJiinicntar/cs, §§ 1640-1642. 

d. Doctrine that the United States cannot be sued : Story's Com- 
mentaries., §§ 1688-1672. 

3. Who decides between States and the general government? 
Conflicts with the United States legislature (1833, 1861). 
Conflicts with the United States executive (1830, 1861). 
Conflicts with the United States Courts (1809, 1861). 

a. Doctrine of cases "arising under the Constitution'": Mar- 

shalU 224. 
/;. Doctrine of appeal jurisdiction : Marshall., 250-256. 

e. Doctrine of political cases : 7 Uozcard, 40. 

§ 170. (1789-1885.) Remedy for usurpation— Political. 

I. Declaration by a State legislature that the action of Congress is un- 
constitutional : Madison, iv. 104-106. 
(i) Eflect of declaratory acts. 



Political Remedy for Usiirpatioti. 72 

(2) The Constitution on the Supreme hivv. 
1800.. (3) Testimony of Madison : Afadison, iv. 517-518, 553. 

(5 ) Cases of remonstrance. 
1793. Georgia. 

1798-1799. Kentucky and Virginia. 
1810. Virginia. 

1819. Virginia, etc. 

II. Appeal to other States to join in such declarations. 

(i) No objection, unless treasonable. 

(2) Constitution recognizes inter-state relations. 
1800. (3) Madison's exposition : Madison, iv. 553-554- 

(4) Cases of such appeals. 
1798-1799. Kentucky and Virginia. 
1815. Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

1832. South Carolina, etc. 

III. Refusal to elect Senators : Congressional Debates, IX. 507-509, 
565-566. 

IV. Formal Proposition of Constitutional amendment : Story s Com- 
mentaries, § 395 : Davis' Confederate Government, i. 193-198. 

1. Constitutional method in judicial cases. 

2. Madison's exposition: Madison, iv. 523-554. 
Cases : — 

a. Single amendment proposed, 1794. etc. 

b. Convention called for — 1790, 1832, 1861. etc. : Lalor's Cyclo- 
-pacdia, 11. 675. 

V. Change of parties through regular elections : Madison in Story s 
Commentaries, § 396 «. 

1. The constitutional method in political cases. 

2. Testimony of the Federalist : jVo. lxvii. p. 543-545. 

FALL OF THE FEDERALISTS (1798-1801). 

§171. (1707-1801.) Fall of the Federalists.— Foreign policy. 

Sc/wiilers U. S. i. 430-435, 439-444; IlildretJis U. S. v. 283- 
293,312-331; Morses Jo Jin Adams, 203-305; Lodges Hamilton, 
216-223: Steven's Gallatin, 152-168. 
^799. French overtures to renew diplomatic relations. 



Fall of the Federalists {jjg8-i8oi). 78 

Nov. Commission sent to negotiate. 
1800. Sept. 30. Convention negotiated with France. 
1893-1800. Origin of the French spoihition chiims. 
179S-1800. The Miranda project. 

^ 172. (1798-1801.) Fall of the Federalists.— Domestic Policy. 

3fagnidcr's Marshall, 142-147: McMasters U. S. n. 456-475, 

529-533- 

Robbins' case. 
Sedition cases. 

1799. Mar. Fries' insurrection. 
1799-1890. Trials, and pardon of Fries. 
1 798-1800. Increased taxes. 

1800. Judiciary act. 

1800-1801. Judicial appointments : Magrudc7-'s Marshall, 155-160. 

§ 173. (1799-1801.) Fall of the Federalists.— Internal dissen- 
sions. 

Lodge s Hamilton, 201-208, 212-216, 223-235 ; Schoider's U. S. i. 
466-475 ; Morse's John Adams, 231-235, 311-316 ; Magriider's Mar- 
shall, 150-154; Higginson's U. S. 343-344. 

1. Breach between Adams and Hamilton. 

Miranda affair. 
Hamilton's commission. 
Presidential elections. 
1800. Hamilton's attack on Adams. 

2. Breach between Adams and the cabinet. 

§ 174. (1800.) Fall of the Federalists.— Election of 1800. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 168-170; Lodge's Haviilton, 227-229. 235- 
236; Slanzuood's Presidential Elections, 30-43; Stevens' Gallatin, 
168-173 ; Schoiiler's U. S. i. 473, 481-487 : Morse's John Adams, 
316-321 ; Morse's Jefferson, 195-200; Mc Master's U. S. 11. 496-522. 
1800. Apr. New York goes Republican. 

Hamilton's districting scheme. 
1709. Washington's death. 

Nominations. 
1800. Candidates. 

The campaign and part}' questions. 

Choice of electors : Maf, Diagram. 



Federalists ami Republicans Compared {/ygS-jSoj). 74 

§ 175. (1801.) Fall of the Federalists.— Election in Congress. 

Morse's ycjfcrson, 200-208; Lodge s Hamilton^ 2'^^-2';^6', Stevens" 
Gallatin^ 168-163; Stanzvood's Presidential Elections, a^'^-d^^; Von 
Hoist" s U. S. 1. 170-178; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 355-356,806-807; 
McMaster's U. S. 11. 522-526. 
1801. Feb. Dead-lock in the House. 

Federalist intrigue with Burr. 

Question of Jefferscjn's assuming power. 

Dano-er 01 civil war. 

Was Jefferson pledged by the Federalists? 

Choice of Jefferson for President. 

§ 176. (1789-1801. ) Fall of the Federalists. —Review. 

HildretJi's U. S. v. 415-418; J/o/se's yohn Adams, 300-310, 321, 
323 ; Lodge's Hamilton, 252-271 ; Snoiv"s Guide, 66-68 ; Vo)i Holsfs 
U. S. I. 178-183; Higginsons U, S. 344-353- 
Services of the party. 
Faults of the party. 
Reasons for the overthrow. 
Forebodings of the Federalists. 
Comparison with the Republican parly. 
Effect of the party on later histor}-. 

REPUBLICAN POLICY (1800-1805). 

§ 177. (1801.) Republican Policy. — Elements of Jefferson's 
Administration. 

Von Holsfs U. S. T. 177-183; Hildretlis U. S. v. 419-426; 
Morse"s Jefferson, 90-93, 103, 209-218, 263-268; Adams' Randolph, 
48-61, 71-73, 122-131 ; Gay"s Madison, 252-256; Morse's yokn 
^lincy Adams, 24-35; Stevens" Gallatin, 289-290; Snozt'"s Guide, 
67-71. BiBL. Foster s References, 8-12 ; LIigginson"s U. S. 344-359. 
Condition of the country in 1801 ; McMaster"s U. S. ti. 538-582. 

Population : Diagram. 

Economic: Diagra)u. 

Social. 
Character of Thomas Jefferson. 
J'tferson's political principles. 
Jefferson's doctrinaire dechirntions : Morse"s J'rfferson, 90-93. 103. 



Eleniciits of the Rcpuhlicaii Policy {j8oi-i8oj). 7b 

Jefferson's later principles: Murscs 'Jefferson, 209-218; Se/iotiler's 
U. S. II. 2-15 ; Adams' Randolph, 54-62. 

Jefferson's inaugural: Statesmen's Manual, 149-152; '^Johnston''s 
American Orations, i. 101-116. 
Jefferson's Cabinet. 

Character of Gallatin : Lodge's Studies in History, 263-293. 
Republican strength in Congress. 
Freedom from domestic and toreign complications. 

§178. (1801-1805.) Republican Policy.— Civil Service. 

Morse's Jefferson, 218-230; HildrelJis U. S. v. 426-431 : J. F. 
^[erriam in Proceedings of the American Historical Association for 
April, 1886: McMasters U. S. 11. 583-588, 597-600; Salmon's 
Appoin ling Power '. American Historical Association, 1. 306; Ste- 
rols Gallatin, 290-293, 296-297 ; Snozc's Guide, 71-74. 
1 789-1801. Principles of selection of officers. 

iSoi. Adams' "midnight appointments"': Magriidcrs Mar- 

shall, 157-160. 
1793-1801. Jefferson's previous declarations on tenure of office. 
1801. Gallatin's draft circular: Adams' Gallatin, 313-316, 

273-278; § I. 

Jefferson's modified views. 

Goodrich-Bishop case. • 

Quarrel with Burr. 

Actual number oi !euu)vals. 

Effect on ih ' latvr civil service. 

§179. (1801-1805.) Republican Policy.— Finance. 

Stevens' Gallatin, 176-288; Hildretlis U. S. v. 437-440,653-661 ; 
//. C Adams' Taxation, 57-60; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 137. 191, 
575, 727 ; Snow's Guide, 70, 74-78. 

1793-1800. Republican criticisms on Hamilton's poHc}-. 
1801. Economy; foreign missions. 

Debt. Scheme of extinguishment. 

1803. Apr. 6. Internal revenue repealed. 

1804. Mar. 3. Tariff. ''Mediterranean fund." 

§180. (1801-1805.) Republican Policy.— Foreign. 

Scho liter's U. S. 11. 11, 16; Snozv's Guide, 70, 79-80. 

1. Alliances deprecated. 

2. British joint commissions. 



The Republicans and the yndiciary {/8oi-/8o^). 7G 

3. Foreign missions. 

4. Defence ; lorce reduced. 

5. Tripolitan war : Lalors Cyclopaedia, 1. 46-47, 55-56; Mc- 
Master's U. S. 11. 588-594, 602 ; Sdmyler's American Diplo- 
macy, 218-220. 

6. Louisiana purchase: See §§ 182-188. 

§181. (1801-1805.) Republican policy. —Judiciary. 

Judiciary act ; Adams^ RandoIpJi, 61-71 ; HUdrctii's U. S. v. 440- 
441 ; McMasters U. S. 11. 607-612; Mo?-se''s 'Jefferson, 258-263. 
1S00-1801. Indignation at the I'Vderal acts on the judiciar\-. 

1802. ?vlar. 8. Federal judiciary act repealed. 
Apr. 29. Act reorganizing the courts. 

Constitutional question of freehold m offices. 

Constitutional question of diminishing- emolument during the term of 

appointment: Story^s Commentaries, § 1633. 

1803. Case of Marbury VS. Madison, /1/c^r6V^«//'5 Writings, 1-20-, Von. 
Hoist's U. S. II. 64 ; Magnider's Marshall, 182-186. 
Qi_iestion of the responsibility of Cabinet officers. 
Qj^iestion of the independence of the executive. 

1803-1805. Impeachment of judges : Hildretl/'s U. S. v. 51 1-5 12, 
540-544: Adams^ /Randolph, 8283. 96-102, 131-153 ; 
Lalo7-'s Cyclopaedia, 11. 482 ; Snow's Guide, 67-68, 
83-84. 
Principles of impeachment : Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 481. 
Who is an "officer of the United States"? 
What is a "l^igh crime or misdemeanoi"? 

1803. The Pennsylvania impeachment : Schoulers U. S. 11. 54. 

1804. Mar. 12. Pickering impeachment. 

1805. Jan. -Mar. Chase trial : Adams' Memoirs, \. t^22. 

Mar. I. Randolph's proposed amendment: removal of 
judges. Nicholas' proposed amendment: recalling senators. 

ANNEXATION OF LOUISIANA (i 801-1805). 
Blaine's Twenty Tears of Congress, i. i-ii. 

§182. (1500-1802.) Louisiana.— Territorial history. 

Talors Cyclopaedia, i. 93-94; Donaldson's Public Domain, 89- 
93 ; Morse's yefferson, 231-239 : Colonial Outline, §§ 283, 312, 356, 
1512-1541. Spanish discovery and claims. 



Annexation of Louisiana {1801-1803). 77 

1673-1682. French discovery of the Mississip[)i. 

1699. First selllenient : French at I^iloxi. 

1712-1717. (i) Crozat's grant for tiie valley of the Mississippi. 

1763. Cession of the east bank of the Mississippi to England. 

1762-1769. (2) Transfer of the west bank to Spain : Cables Creoles 

of Louisiana ^ 54-80. 
1783. England cedes Florida to Spain : Maf>. 
1800. Oct. (3) Retrocession of Lonisiana to France by the treaty 

of St. Ildefonso : Amei-ican State Papers, Public 

Lands, vii. 576. 
1802. Apr. Otficial notice of the retrocession. 

§183. (1801-1803.) Louisiana.— Negotiations for purchase. 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 93-95 ; Morse's 'Jefferson, 231-245 ; 
Giliuan's Monroe, 74-85; Schoulers U. S. 11. 37-46; McMasters 
U. S. JJ. 620-628; Adams' Randolph, 75-81 ; Snow's Guide, 80-81. 
1802. Jefferson's opinion of the importance of New Orleans: Jef- 
ferson, IV. 432-434. 
iSoi-i8o2. Livingston's negotiations. 

1802. Oct. r6. Privilege of deposit withdrawn : Schuyler, 2^0-2^1. 
Dec. Debate on submitting papers. 

1803. Jan. 10. Monroe sent out. 

Feb. 7. Two millions appropriated. 
Mar. 3. Act for calling out 80,000 militia. 
Apr. 8. Talleyrand oflers the wb.ole territory. 

§184. (1803. April 30.) Louisiana.— The treaty. 

Lalofs Cyclopaedia, i. 93-96; Gilman's Monroe, 85-93; Stevens'' 
Gallatin, 201-205 : Schoulcfs U. S. ii. 46-51 ; Robertson's Louis- 
iana Purchase, 5-7 ; Lligg'inson's U. S. 353-355 ; Morse's Jefferson, 
245-247 ; '^Donaldson's Public Domain, 95-99; U. S. Treaties and 
Conventions, 275-282. 
The treaty of cession. 
Convention on mode of pa3"ment. 
Convention on American claims. 
Who was responsible lor the treaty? 
What was the price paid.'' 

§185. (18031805.) Louisiana. — Question of Expediency. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, iii. 945-946; Gay's Madison. 257-263; Von 
Hoist's U. S. I. 183-187 ; Wise's Seven Decades, 35-39. 



Discussioi of the Loiiisiaua Annexation {i8oj-j80j). 78 

1803. Oct. 19. The treaty ratilied b}- the Senate. 
Q^iestion ol^the consent of Spain. 
Influence of the annexation on the West. 
Influence on slavery : Greeley, i. 53-57. 
Influence on the South. 

Influence on the East: threats of separation. 
Influence on tlie national government. 

§186. (1803-1805.) Louisiana. — Constitutional Question. 

Von Hoist's U.S. I. 183-193; Story's Commentaries, §§ 1277- 
1283 ; Rohertsoiis Louisiana Purchase, 7-9 ; Morse's 'Jefferson, 247- 
258 ; Stevens' Gallatin, 294-296 : Adams' Randolph, 85-95 ; Greeley's 
American Conffict, i. 184-185. 
The terms of the treat3^ 

1. Republican view: Randolph's Jefferson , 11 1. 78-80; Adams' 
Randolph, 83-86. 

War power. 

Treaty power. 

Power over the territories. 

Constructive powers. 

2. Federalist view : Adams' Randolph, 88-95. 
Sectional objectifnis. 

Pickering's partnership tiieory. 
Citizenship argument. 
New States argument. 
Argument from ''ports.*' 

3. Jefferson's view : Morse's Jefferson, 246-258 ; Adams Gallatin, 
319-321. 

Indemnif3'ing amendment necessary. 
Republican vs. Federalist principles. 

§ 187. (1803-1819.) Louisiana.— What did we acquire? 

Donaldson's Public Domain, 104-105 ; Robertson's Louisiana Pur- 
chase, 9-12 ; BarrovSs Oregon, 216-217 ? Snozv's Guide. 82-83, 88; 
Map. 

Had France anv right to cede au\ thing.'' 
Boundaries as defined by the treaty. 

1. Qiiestion of Oregon. 

2. Qiiestion of West Florida. 



Internal Developwciit {i8oo-iH:0). 79 

3- Q2,icsli()n ot Texas. 

4. Q^iestion of northern boundary. 

§ 188. Louisiana. — Organization of the territory. 

1. Louisiana: HildrciJis U. S. v. 495-498; Sc/ioiilcr's U. S. 11. 
51-52, 72-76. 

803. Dec. 20. Louisiana turned over by France to the United 
States: Donaldson'' s Ptiblic Donuiin, 101-104. 

1803. Attitude of the Creoles. 

1804. Mar. 26. Oro-anization of the territory of Orleans. 

1805. Mar. 2. Act for a territorial government. 

2. West Florida. 

1804. Mar. 27. Act tor organization of East Mississippi Territory. 

Discussion with Talleyrand : Annals 0/ (Jotigrcss 

(1804-1805 ). 1360. 
1805-1806. Scheme of forcible occupation : JMorscs 'jcffcrson, 

276-279: Xilcs Register, iii. 52. 
1808. Diplomatic relations with Spain broken off. 

Louisiana effect; Greeley's American Confict, 

I- 53-57 ; Blaine, i. 14-15. 

POLICY OF INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT (1801-1809). 

§ 189. (1800-1820.) Internal Development— Public Lands. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, in. 469-472 ; Snow's Guide, 84. 
1789-1801. Federal schemes : § 122. 
1795-1806. Yazoo claims: Adams' Randolph, 102-112. 

1800. May 10. Second land act. 

1801. Gallatin's land policy: Adams' Gallatin, i. 297-298. 

1802. Apr. 30. Act for school and road reservations. 
1800-1820. Immigration and distribution. 
1800-1820. Amount of land sales. 

Policy of credit sales. 

Policy of leasing mineral lands. 

§190. (1801.) Internal Development.— National highways. 

I. Natural waterways. 

1. Ocean. 

2. Great lakes. 
1. Rivers. 



-■■-'.• ,;;( 

Internal I)nprovcjneiits [i/'y^-i8i2) . 80 

II. Artificial waterways. , 
I. Protected coast navigation. 
2.. Around falls of the Blue Ridge. 

3. Across the Alleghanies. 

4. From Mississippi system to great lakes. 

5. Improvement, of rivers. 

III. Boads. 
Alono- the coast. 
Across the inountains. 
To the far West. 

§191. (1775-1789.) Internal improvements— Early schemes. 

Banc?'oJ'fs Constitution, i. 168-172, 250-252; Bancroffs V . S. 
{last rev.) vi. 125-128, 183-184. 
1^690-1750. (i) Colonial roadsi- , 

1777-17S5. (2) Washington's .trans-Alleghan}' scheme. 

Danger of separation of the West. 
1785-1789. (3) Improvement of the Potomac. 
1785. (4) Trans-Alleghany roads. 

1785. (5) Chesapeake-Delaware scheme. 

§ 192. (1801-1809.) Internal development.— Admission of 

Ohio. 

Schooler's U.S. II. 43 ; Hildreth's U. S. v. 475. 
1789- 1801. Growth of the Northwest. 
1802. Ohio admitted. 

1802. Conditions imposed on Ohio. 

1802-1820. Political effects of the admission. 

§ 193. (1891-1812.) Internal improvements. — Republican 

policy. 

Lalors Cvclopaedia, \. 711, 11. 568-569; Stevens" Gallatin, 298- 
301 : Snozu's Guide, 86-88. 
1 791. Dec. 5. Hamilton's suggestion. 
1791-1801. Apathy of the New England Federalists. 

State tonnage duties. 
1802. Feb. 13. Gallatin's proposition tor a government road. 

Apr. 30. Ohio act for live j)er cent fund. 
1806. Mar. 29. First Cumberland Road act. 
Extent and cost of the road. 



cVcw -England Plot {180J-1H06) 81 

1805-1807. JeffuM-son's proposition tor a constitutional amendment: 
Statesmen's Manual, i. 190-191. 

1807. Feb. 10. Coast Survey act : Wise's Seven Decades, ^6-^^. 
Feb. 28. Land grant bill. 

1808. Gallatin's report: American °State Papers, Afiscellancous, 
I. 724. 

r. Advantages ot" improvements. 

2. Canals. 

3. Main roads. 

4. Western roads. 
Railroads described. 
Constitutional scruples ol" the President. 

1812. Act tor a north and south road. 
1800-1812. Amount of appiopriations : Diagram. 

OPPOSITION TO THE GOVERNMENT ( iSo:,-i'coc,). 

§ 194. (1803-1806.) Opposition to the government.— New 

England plot. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 170; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 193-199; 
Dodge's Studies in Mistorv, 202-223. 

I. Causes of Federal dissatisfaction. 

1. Legislation. 

2. Impeachments. 

3. Louisiana purchase. 
4. Republican supremac\". 

5. Intrigues with Burr. 

1804. Feb. 10. Hamilton's paper on Burr : Hamilton's Republic, 
VTi. 770-771. 

II. Separation sncjgested as a remedy. 
1790-1793, 1794, 1795' 1796' 1798-1799' 1801, 1803. 

III. Evidence of a plot. 

(1) Plumer's correspondence: Pliimer's Life, 283-308. 

1828. (2) J. Q^ Adams' testimony: N. E. E\dcralisni, 52-57, 

147, 228: Morse's J. ^. Adams, 216-220. 

1829. (3) Eastern Federalists' denial : N. E. Federalism, 77. 
(4) Pickering's correspondence: Dodge's Cabot, 337; JV. E. 

Federalism , 338-356 passim . 



Burr's Conspiracv {/So^-iSoy) . 82 

IV. Effect of the '"plot." 

1. Injury to the Federalists : Hainiltoiis Republic, vii. 779, 7S7, 
823 : 'Jcffo'son, iv. 540. 

2. Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 1804, July 10: Lodge's 
Hamilton. 245-252 ; N'. E. Federalism, i6i,-i']0.\ Adams' Ran- 
dolph, 1 1 3-1 1 5; ^JVott in yohnston's American Orations, i. 
T17-128. 

3. Advantage to the Republicans. 

§195. (1804.) Opposition to the government. — Election of 
1804 

Stamvood's Presidential Elections, ^^-<^o\ Hildretli's U. S. v. 517- 
520, 530-533; Morses Jefferson, 266-271; Hig-o-inson^s U. S. 355. 

Candidates. 
1804. Feb. Republican caucus : Jefferson and Clinton. 

Federalist nominations : Pincknr\' and King. 
Defeat of Burr in New York. 
Campaign. 
Vote: Diagram ; Alap. 

1804. Sept. 25. Twelth amendment proclaimed : ^///<?/'5 Z?^/;«/r5, 

I. 341-343 ; -Stamt'ood's Presidential Elections, 
46-47. 

§ 196. (1805-1806.) Opposition to the Administration.— 

' Quid Party." 

Adams' Randolph, 161-190, 204-205 ; Morse's 'Jefferson, 276-278; 
Von Hoist's U. S. I. 221-224; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, in. 483 : ° Ran- 
dolph in Johnston s American Orations, i. 129-144; Benton's Viczv, 

I- 473-475- 

Character of John Randolph. 

Ultra-Republican constitutional principles. 

General question of Jefferson's policy. 
1801-1806. The Yazoo question. 
1803-1806. Spanish imbroglio. 

1805. Q^iestion of a second Louisiana apjirojiriation. 

1806. Mar. Attack on the administration. 
1806-1812. EfTect of the Quid party. 

§197. (1796-1864.) Burr's conspiracy.— Burr's political life. 

Hildreth's U. S. v. 594-603; Randall's J(ffe/son, in. 173-178. 
Early lite : Parton's Burr. 
1796. Candidate for the Vice-Presidency. 



Burr's Conspiracv {l8oo-l8-oy). 88 

1800-1801. Election as Vice-President. 
1801. Qiiarrel with Jefferson. 

1804. Qiiarrel with Hamilton. 

1805. Apr. First trip to the West. 
1805-1806. Intrigues in Wasl^ngton. 

§198. (1805 1806.) Burr's conspiracy.~The expedition. 

Hildreth's U. S. v. 603-614: RandalTs "Jefferson, 111. 179-186. 
1805-1806. Preparations. 

1806. Dec. Descent of the Ohio. 

No\'.-Dec. The attempt to stop Ihirr In' legal jiroccss. 
Dec. Muster ot" men. 

Burr's probable intentions. 

§199. (1806-1807.) Burr s conspiracy.— Suppression 

Cable's Creoles, 147-155. 
1806 ' Oct. 8. Swartwout comes to Wilkinson. 

Dec. 9-14- Alarm aiul puparations ai New Cilians. 

Arbitrary arrests. 
Nov. Jefferson's proclamation. 
Dec. 20. Jefferson's orders. 

1807. Jan. 18. Burr's surrender al Natchez. 
Feb. 19. Burr's arrest in Alabama. 

§200. ^1806 1807) Burr s conspiracy. -Political effect. 

GoodcIVs Slavery and Anti-SIaverv. 280-286; Wise's Seren Dec- 
ades, 39-41. 

1. On Burr. 

2. On the administration. 

3. On parties. 

4. On the Southwest. 

5. On the national feeling. 

6. On legislation. 

1806. Dec. Recommendation of a force act : Annals of Congress 

(1806-1807). 218-219, 247-263. 

1807. Mar. 3. Act lor use of troops in "insurrections" : Sla/u/es a/ 

Large, n. 443. 

PERSONAL LIBERTY AND TREASON (1805-1807). 

§201. 1676-1805. Habeas Corpus.— Principles. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 428-430. 



Habeas Corpjts {j 676-1883). 84 

1066-1676. English principles of personal liberty. 

1676-1775. Habeas corpus act and its application. 

1690-1775. Habeas corpus in the colonies. 

1775-1788. Habeas corpus in the States. 

1787. Limitations on the suspension ot habeas corpus. 

1676-1787. General principles of suspension. 

§ 202. (1806-1807.) Habeas Corpus.— Cases. 

Hildreth's U. S. v. 612-613, 626-627 ' Randairs Jcjf'crson, in. 
194-198. 

1806. Returns made by Wilkinson : Annals q/' Congress, 530-562, 

lOIO. 

1807. Jan. 22. Jefferson's message on the exigency. 

23. Senate suspension bill : Anvah of Congress (1808- 

1809), p. 274 n. 
26. Action of the House: Annals of Congress (1806- 
187 1 ), -pp. 402-424. 
Feb. Writ in tavor of Bollman and Svvartwout : Alar- 

s hairs Works, 41-52. 
Feb. 17-19. House debate on enforcement. 

§ 203. (1807-1885.) Habeas Corpus— Status. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, it. 432. 
1807-1860. Cases of suspension or disregard. 
1842. Act for a writ against State officers. 

1862. Merry man case. 

1861-1885. Power of Congress to delegate suspension. 
Restraint on the power of State courts. 

§ 204. (1066 1796.) Treason —Principles. 

1066-1601. Early English statutes and practice. 

1607-1775. Treason against a colony. 

1750-1775. Treason in a colony against the Crown. 

1775-1778. Treason against a State. 

1787. Treason dctined in the Constitution. 

1794. Principles laid down in the Miichcll and Vigol cases: 

§ 156- 
1799. Principles laid down in the Fries case : § 172. 



Treason {/y8y-j88j) . . 85 

§205. (1806-1807.) Treason— Cases. 

HlldretJi's U. S. v. 668-673; Magriidcrs Marsha /I, 202-231. 
1807. Feb. 25. Bollman and Svvartvvout cases : Marshall. 
Sept. Burr's trial and acquittal. 
Oct. Burr's trial for aiisdemeanor. 
Criticisms on Marshall. 

Qiiestion ot" subpoena on the President: 'Jefferson, 
V. 102-104: Randall's yefferson., iii. 205-212. 
Question of executive interference with the courts : 
Jefferson, v 84, 175, 188. 

§206. (1807-1885.) Treason.— Status. 

Story s Commentaries, §§ 1 796-1803 : Marshall's Works, ^^-^^, 
60-71, 83-85, 89-90, 100-105 ' Lalors Cyclopaedia, \\\. 932-933. 
I. What is "levying war"? 

Against whom must war be levied? 

Who ma}' commit treason? 

Who are "enemies"? 

What is "adherincr" to them? 

What is an "overt act"? 

Where shall the trial be held? 
1865. C^iestion of trials for taking military part in the rebellion. 
1865-1872. Whv were there no trials of civilians? 

NEUTRAL TRADE AND THE EMBARGO (1789-1809). 

§207. (1789-1806.) Neutral trade— American foreign com- 
merce. 

BiBL. Dunbar's Topics in Political Economy w. pp. 13-14. 
1789-1806. Imports and exports of the United States: Diagram. 
1789-1806. Vessels engaged in foreign commerce : Diagram. 
1793-1803. West India trade. 
1 793-1806. General neutral carrying trade. 
1793-1803. De[)redations of French cruisers and privateers. 
1 793-1806. Depredations of British cruisers and privateers. 

Principles of neutral trade, §§ 72, 149; Schuyler, 

379-380. 

§208. (1803-1809.) Neutral trade.— Foreign aggressions. 

ITildretlis U. S. v. 646-649: Schoulers U. S. 11. 150-156 : Gays 



Neutral Trade {ijSg-jSoy.) 86 

Madison, 264-270, 275-278: Morse's yohn ^liucy Adams, 37-46; 
Dycrh Afodo'ii Europe, v. 233 ; Snozv's Guide, 92. 
1803. War between France and England renewed. 

1803-1805. English system of naval warfare. 

Reo-ulations on the blockade and Colonial trade. 

o 

Partisan decisions of admiralty courts. 
Impressment renewed. 
1803-1812. Napoleon's ''Continental system" : Fyfe's Modem Europe, 

1806-1807. "Orders in Council" and "Decrees": ^yJw/rr/Vr?;^ Stale Pa- 
pers, Foreio'n, 111. 267-273 ; ^ DzuigJifs Hartford Con- 
vention, 83-86; ° Annals of Congress, Appendix. 

1803-1805. Regulations of blockade and colonial trade. 

1806. May 16. Brest to Elbe blockade order. 
Sept. 25. Order modifying that of May 16. 

Nov. 21. Berlin Decree: ''^ Annals of Congress, (1806-1807), 
727. 

1807. Jan. 7. Mar. 12. Order and decree prohibiting neutral coast- 

ing trade. 

Nov. II. Orders blockading all neutral and allied 
ports. 

Dec. 17. Milan decree. 
1803-1812. EiTect of the aggressions on American commerce : Dia- 
gram. 

§209 (1805-1807.) Neutral trade.— Jefferson's Policy. 

Morse's Je/fersou, 272-276, 286-308 : Hildretlis U. S. v. 653- 
665, 674-686; ScJiouler's U. S. 11. 133-150; Morse's John ^lincy 
Adams, 47-52; Gay's Madison, 270-275 ; Snozo's Guide, 88-89, 90- 
92, 92-93 ; Gilman's Munroe, 93-103 ; Adam's RandolpJi, 212-213, 
^i^-i^"] ; Higginsons U. S. 355-356; Wise's Seven Decades. 
1801-1839. (i) Qij.iist\ox\ o( ?i niiwy : Adams' Randolph. 115-122. 
1801-1809. (2) Qj_iestion of arming merchant ships. 
1803-1809. (3) ^'Gunboat system" of defence : Jeferson's Works.. \. 

330, \y. 597-568, V. 42 ; Adam's Gallatin, 299.300; 

352-357 ; Hildreth's U. S. v. 538. 576, 649. 651, vi. 

29-30. 

1805. Mar. 3. (4) Act for enforcing order in ports. 

1806. x\pr. 18. (5) Conditional non-impurtation act. 
1 806- 1 807. (6) Negotiation witli England. 



TJie E)iibargo {t8o~- i8o')) . 87 

1806. Jay treaty expires. 

1807. May. Pinkney's new treaty held back b}^ Jefferson : Schuy- 

ler s American Difloniacw 427-428 ; IV/se's Seven 
Decades, 42-43. 
1807. (7) Danger of war with England. 
1807. June 22. Leopard-Chesapeake affair. 
Oct. 16. Impressment proclamation. 
Oct. 22. Negotiations broken off' by Canning. 

§ 210. (1307.) The Embargo.— The acts. 

Morzc's yejfersou, 298-301 ; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 79-85 ; 
Schoulers U. S. 11. 156-165; HildretJis U. S. vi. 35-44 ; Jy6'r.j6''5 
yuhn ^tiiicv Adiims, 52-57 ; Higginson's U. S. 436-538. Bibl. 
Fostej-'^s References. 11. ; Short's Reference Joists, -p. 69. 
1794. Precedent 0I an embargo: § 152. 

1807. Jeff'erson's recommendation and hurried debates. 
Dec. 22. The act passed. 

1808. Jan-Apr. Supplementary acts. 

June. John Quincy Adams read out of his party : Morse's 
yohii ^lincy Adams, 56-70. 
§211. (1807.) The Embargo. — Question of constitutionality. 
Story's ConiDieiitaries, 11. §§ 1 284-1 286; Von Holsfs U. S. i. 
200-205 ; Lodge's Webster, 42-45 ; Adams' Randolph, 226-228. 
Was it a "reoulation of commerce"? 
Was it an exercise of the war power? 

§212. (1807-1809.) The Embargo.— Effects. 

Morse's Jefferson, 301-310; Von Holsfs U. S. 1. 205-213 ; Schoul- 
ers U. S. II. 172-194 ; Hildreth's U. S. vi. 108-124 : Gay's Madison, 
278-282 ; Suoiu's Guide, 93-95. 
Effect on foreign powers. 

Effect on American commerce : Stevens' Gallatin. 205-212. 
Effect on New England. 
NecessitN' of enforcement. 

§ 213. (1809.) The Embargo —Repeal. 

Morse's Jefferson, 310-316; Schoulers U. S. 11. 194-198; Hil- 
dreth's U. S. VI. 124-136; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 214-225; Stevens' 
Gallatin , 302-305 . 

Fear of a separation of New England. 



Retii'cnicHt of ycffcrson {i8oj-j8og). 88 

1809. Feb. 3. Hasty repeal of the act. 

Feb. 26. Non -intercourse act substituted. 
1809-1825. Cliarge of a Federal plot. 
1809. Jefferson's contemporary account: ycffcrsoi}, v. 424-429, 

433- 
1825. Jefferson's later account: Adams' JV. E. Fcderalisui, 131, 

133- 
1828. Adams' account: Morses 'Juhn ^lincy Adams, 216-220. 
1809. Henry's mission. 

Extent of Federal plans : Lodge's Cabol, 373-480 ; Adams 

N. E. Federalism, 373-374- 

POLICY OF THE ADMINISTRATION (1809-1812). 

§314. (18081809.) Retirement of Jefferson. 

I. Election of 1808: Stamvood's rresidential Elections, 51-56: 
Hildrctli's U. S. VI. 62-67: 93-94: Schotders U. S. ii. 166-172. 
183-184; Snoza's Guide, 95-97 ; Adams' Randolph, 228-236. 
Question of a third term : JMorscs yejferson , 316-320. 
Republican caucus : Monroe movement. 
Federal candidates. 
The campaign. 
The vote : i\Jap ; Diag-rani. 

I. Review of Jefferson's administration : Schoule}-"s U.S. n. 198- 
204. 

1. Application of his doctrinaire principles: See § 177. 

2. Finance, revenue, and debt : Stevens' Gallatin, 206-216, 232-239. 

3. Territorial extension: See §§ i8?-i88: Map. 

4. State of the countr}- in 1809. 

5. Foreign policy; condition ot afTairs. 

6. Responsibility of Jefferson : Adams' Gallatin, 377- 

7. Jefferson's character and later life : Morse's yeff'erson, 321-330. 

8. Jefferson's influence as an oracle. 

9. Influence ot Jefferson's name. 

§ 215. (1809 1817.) Madison's administration.— Element. 

Sc/ioiiler's U. S. 11. 279-281 ; Stevens' Gallati)u 305-311 : ////- 
dretli's U. S. VI. 149-150; Higginson's U. S. 360-365 ; Adams' Gal- 



{Ru-c/o-;/ Policy 1808-18} j). 89 

latin, 389-392 ; Snozus Guide, 97-98 ; Adams Ixaiidoiph, 238, 243. 

BiBL. Foster's References, 12-15 ? Schonlcr's U. S. 11. 462-463. 

Madison's character : See % 99. 

Madison's policy- 

The cabinet. 

Entrance of 3'OLing men into pohlical hfe. 

Foundation of later party lines. 

Use of the name "Democratic." 

§ 216. (1809 1812.) Madison's adminirftration. — Foreign com- 
plications. 

Gav's Madison, 283-300; Stevens' Gallatin, 305-309. 

I. Francs. Hildretlfs U. S. vi. 194, 214-223 ; Schoulers U. S. 
II. 301-305 ; Adams' Gallatin, 419-423 ; Gay's Madison, 315-320. 

1808. Apr. 17. Ba}on'.ie decree: ^Anieriean State Papers, For- 
eign, III. 291. 

1810. Mar. 23. Rambouillet decree; '^Afneriean State Papers, 

Foreion, iii. 364 ; Dzvigiifs Hart ford Convention, 

156." ^ 

Aug. 5. Duke of Cadoro's letter : American State Papers, 
Foreign, iii. 387. 
5. Secret decree of the Trianon: Gallatin, 11. 198. 

1811. Barlow's negotiations ; Hildretlfs U. S. vi. 249. 

II. England: HildretJis U. S. vi. 165-177, 183-195, 217, 242- 
244 ; Schouler's U. S. 11. 281-298, 305-311 ; Gay's Madison, 283-289. 

1809. Apr. -Aug. Erskine treat} . 

Tune 10. Proclamation restorinof intercourse with England. 
Aug. Proclamation again prohibiting intercourse. 
i8io-r8ii. Missions of Rose and Jackson. 

1810. Sept. Pinkney's negotiation tails : J^/incy's Life, 199-204. 

1811. Ma}- 16. Little Belt affair: Schouler's U. S. 11. 330. 
Nov. Battle of Tippecanoe : Schouler's U. S. 11. 331-333. 

III. Spain: Schoulers U. S. II. 312-314. 

IV. American legislation : Gay's Madison, 281-300; Snozv's Guide, 
98-99; Hildreth's U. S. vi. 196-205, 232-236: Schouler's U. S. 11. 
291-299: Adams' Gallatin, 412-416. 

1810. Mar. "Macon's bill No. I." 

May I. "Macon's bill No. 2'' : Statutes at Large, 11. 605. 
Nov. I. Proclamation in favor of France. 

1811. Mir. 2. Eppe's bill ; non-intercourse renewed: Statutes at 

Large. 11. 651. 



Causes of the War of 18/2 {1801-/8:2). 90 

ELEMENTS OF THE WAR OF 181 2. 

§ 217. (1801-1812.) War of 1812.— Causes. 

Von Hols fs U. S. I. 226-242; Stciiiiic)-'s yackson, 26-30; Von 
Hoist's Calhoun, 12-26; Gay's Madison, 301-308; Schoulei-'s U. S. 
I- 325-329; Higginson's U. S. 365-372. 
1 799-1 801. Feeling of friendship toward Great Britain. 
1803-1812. Effect of the Louisiana purchase. 
1801-1805. Aggressions on American trade. 
1806. Expiration of the Jay treaty. 

1806. "Orders in Council." 

1803-1812. Impressments. 
1807-1811. Leopard and Little Belt affairs. 
1789-1812. Death or retirement of the great statesmen of the Rev( - 

lution. 
1789-1812. Influence of the West. 
1812. Hope of conquering Canada. 

1812. Danger of an Indian war. 

§ 218. (1812-1815.) Elements of the War.— Economic and 
Social. 

I. Population of the United States: Schoiilers U. S. 11. 205-208. 

Population of England. 
II. Wealth of the United States. 

Wealth of England. 
III. Financial Condition of the Unitsd States = Adams Gallatin, 453- 

481; Stevens' Gallatin, 212-224; Snozu's Guide, 102-103. 

108-110. 

Debt and loans. 

United States notes: Lalor's Cyclofaedia, iii. 961-965. 

Taxation. 
181 1. United States Bank refused a new charter; Lalors Cyclo- 

■paedia, i. 209; hildreth's U. S. vi. 228; Snow's Gtiide, 

99-100; Sehouler's U. S. 11. 316-319. 
1811-1816. State bank system. 

Suspension of specie pa3'nients. 

Condition of England : DtDibar's Topies in Politieal Economy 

IV. p. 14. 



Social and Political Elements of the War {1811-1815) . 91 

IV. Hesources of the United States : Dunbar's Topics in Political 
Economy, iv. /. 14; Schotilers U. S. 11. 215-221. 

1813. The war embargo : Lodge's tVcdstcr, ^1-60. 
Resources of England. 

V. Commerce of the United States. 
Commerce of England. 

VI. Social life of the United States : Schonler's U. S. 11. 224-278. 

§ 219. (1811-1815.) Elements of the War.— Political. 

I. State of the British Government : Schoulcr's U. S. ii. 352-353. 
Absorption in the war with France. 

Jealousy of the American republic. 
Loyalty of Canada. 

II. State of the government of the United States. 

1. Political institutions: ScJiotders U. S. 11. 208-215. 

2. Want of control over the States. 

1810. Olmstead case: Hildret/rs U. S. vi. 155-165. 

3. Want of loyalty to the government. 

1811. Threats of secession at the admission of Louisiana : ^lincy's 
Life, 205-215 ; °^uincy in Johnston's American Orations, 
I. 145-169. 

4. DisafTection in New England. 

1812. Mar. Purchase of Henry's document : Gay's Madison , ifi'^, 

315 ; Benton's Abridgment, iv. 506-508. 

III. Attitude of parties : Schouler's U. S. \\. 336-356, 371-375- 
BiBL. Short's Reference List, ^.71. 

The Young Republicans and the war party : '^ Clay in John- 
ston's American Orations, i, 170-182. 

The Qiiids. 

The Peace Republicans. 

The Federalist : Lodge's Webster, 45-50. 
1812. Madison agrees to war as the price of renomination. 

IV. Inef&ciency of the administration: Gays Madison, 321-330; 
Snow's Guide, 104-T05 : Gilman's Monroe, 104-1 16 ; Schoulers 

u. s. 319-323- 

Madison as a war President. 
Feebleness of the Cabinet. 
Bickerinirs and chancres. 



Military and N'aval Elements of the War {i8it-t8is) . 02 

V. State of France. 
1812-1814. Russian campaign and the fall of the Empire. 

§ 220 (1811-1815. ) Elments of the war.— Military. 

Snozvs Guide, 101-102 ; Sc/w?(/ers U. S. 11. 338-345. 
I- The American Army. 
Regular troops. 
Militia. 
Frontiersmen. 

Drafts : Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 836. 
Discipline. 
Officers. New troops: Williams, 11. 23-27. 

II. The British Army. 
Regular troops. 
Canadians. 
Indians. 

III. The American Navy : Schouler''s U. S. u. 365-265; Boose- 
veWs jVaval Wai- of 181 2, 

181 2. Forces at the beginning of the war. 

1812-1815. Ships built during the war. 

Efficiency of the navy. 
1815. The navy at tlie end of the war. 

1813-1815. Privateers. 

Negro sailors : WilliaDis, 11. 28-30. 

IV. The British Navy: Rooscvelfs Naval War ^/ 1812. 
1812. Forces at the beginning of the war. 

1812-1815. Services of the nav}-. 

V. Theatre of war- 
Canada. 
Atlantic coast. 
Gulf coast. 

§221. (1812.) Elements of the War.— Outbreak. 

Von HolsCs U. S. i. 230-242 : Schoulers U. S. 11. 348-356: Gay's 
Madison, 301-308, 315-320; Hildretli's U. S. vi. 302-307, 313-320; 
Snow's Gxiidc, loo-ioi. 

I. Who was the enemy ? 

Suggestion of a triangular war: ^Jefferson, vi. 57 ; Madiso7i 

II ■ 335- 



Outbreak of the War {1812). 98 

II. What was the occasion? 
18 1 2. May 30. Great Britain refuses concessions. 

The Declaration. 
181 2. Apr. Ninety-day embargo. Navy and militia acts. 

June I. War message: Statcsmcii s Manual., r. 293-298. 

18. Declaratory act : Bentoii's Abi'tdgemeni, iv. 418, 
554-590; Wise's Seven Decades, 52-53. 

IV. Election of 1812: Stanuwod's Presidential Elections, 57-63; 
Schoulcrs U. S. II. 368-371. 

May. Republican candidates : Madison and Gerry. 
May. Clinton nominated by the peace Republicans. 
Sept. Clinton accepted by the Federalists. 

The campaign. 

The vote : Maf; Diagram. 

V. Question of suspending the war : Schoulers U. S. n. 365-368. 
181 2. June 13. Orders in council withdrawn. 

Negotiations on impressment. 

WAR OF 1812 (1812-1815). 

Wise's Seven Decades 60-63. 

§222. (1812-1814) War of 1812.— Indian and Canadian 
campaigns. 

yohtiston's History of t/ie United States §§ 357-365, 392-395 ; 
Snow's Guide, 103-104, 105-106; Schouler's U. S. u. 331-335, 357- 
358, 386-388, 403-406. 

1811. Indian campaign : battle of Tippecanoe. 

181 2. HulTs surrender and Dearborn's failure. 

1813. Harrison's campaigns and defeat of Tecumseh. 
Failure of Indian campaigns. 

1814. Jacob Brown's campaign. 

§ 223. (1812-1815). 'War of 1812 —Naval 

yohnston's U. S. §§ 366-383: Hildrct/i's U. S. vi. 364-371, 397- 
400, 418-431, 434-436; Sclioiilers U. S. II. 362-365, 382-386, 392- 
393 ; /Roosevelt's Naval War of 181 2 ; Snozv's Guide, 107-108. 

181 2. Captures of the Guerriere, Frolic and Macedonian. 

1813. Capture of the Peacock. 

1813. Blockades. Loss of the Chesapeake. 



Pr.>irrcss of tl/c War {1H82). \)\ 

1S13-1S14. Cruise of the Essex. 

1 813. Sept. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

18 [4. Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain. 
1814-1815. Minor victories: American navy crippled. 

§ 224. (1813 1815.) War of 1812.— British invasion. 

yolinstoiis U. S. §§ 384-389; Hildrcth's U. S. vi. 402, 422-426, 
451,484, 499-518; Schooler's U. S. ii. 394-395, 407-412; Snozv's 
Guide, 107; Gil mans Muiiroc, 116-124: Higginsun's U. S. 375- 

377- 

1813-1814. Harrassing- of the Atlantic coast by the British. 

1814. Maine invaded. 

Aug. Capture and burning of Washington. 
Sept. Attack on Baltimore. 

§225. (1813-1815.) War of 1812.— Southwest. 

yoknston's U. S. §§ 396-402; SiniiiKr's 'Jackson, 30-40; Suoius 
Guide, 106-107 ; ScJioulcrs U. S. 11. 388-392, 413-414, 438-443. 

1813. Aug. 29. Indian massacre at Fort Mimms. 
1813-1814. Jackson's campaign against the Creeks. 

1814. Nov. Jackson's capture of Pensacola. 

1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans. 

INTERNAL OPPOSITION TO THE WAR (1812-1815). 
§226. (1812-1815.) Opposition to the war.— Militia Question. 

Snozv's Guide. 110-112 : IlaU's U. S. 11. 349. 
I. Principles of employment. 
As a defence. 
For foreign service. 
Against insurrections. 

II. Organization. 

1811-1812. Debates on classification. 
1812. Feb. 6. Act on volunteers. 
Apr. 10. Detachment act. 

III. Opposition of the States: D-wighfs Hartford Convention, 

253-257- 

181 2. Apr. 15. Secretary of War orders detachment. 

June 12, Order permitting Dearborn to summon. 



Militia ."Question and Ha'-fford Convention {/8 1.7- /8i'^) . 95 

1812-1813. Action ol'thf New England States. 

181 2. Nov. 4. Madison's message : Slatesmen's Mamial, 2()6-"^o^. 

1813. Feb. 28. Giles' report : Divlghfs Hartford Coiivcnlion, 270. 
IV. Constitutional question : Story's Commentaries, ^ 1.20^-1206. 

Qiiestion of the dut\- ot" the States. 

Q^iestion of the judge of the exigency. 

Q^iiestion of the delegating powers. 

Case of Martin vs. Mott (1827) : ^^12 Wheaton, 19. 

§ 227. (1812 1815. ) Opposition to the war.— Hartford Con- 
vention. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 243-227 : Adams' N. E. Federalism, 245 : 
Dzvight's Hartford Convention ; Lalors Cvclopacdia, i. 624-626; 
S]ioz-Ss Guide, 112-116; Schoulers U. S. 11. 417-429; Higginson's 

u. S. 372-374- 

I, Occasion: Hildretk's U. S. vi. 465-477. 
Militia. 

West India trade. 

Election. 

Embargo. 

British licenses to trade. 

II. Position of Massachusetts; Sr/ionlers U. S. n. 411-422. 
1812-1815. Addresses and violent resolutions. 

II. The call: Dzuight's Hartford Convention, 335-351 - 

1814. Feb. 18. Lloyd's report on ''interposition": Allies' Register, 

VI. 4. 
Oct. 8. Call sent out by Mass. : Niles' Register, vii. 1 49-167. 
Action of Connecticut and Rhode Island. 
Action of New Hampshire and Vermont. 
Instrnctions of delegates : Lodge's Cabot, 505. 
17, The Meeting: Dzvight's Hartford Convention, 399-411; 
Hildre til's U. S. vi. 545-553- 

18 14. Dec. 15. Assembly at Hartford. 

Anxiet}' of the government. 

1815. Jan. 5. " Report' of the convention : ^Niles Register, vii. 

305- 
Feb. Commissioners sent to Washington. 



Martial Lazv. — Elements of Peace {18/4). 9H 

V. Was there a plot for secession? 

Testimony of the journal of the convention: Dzuig/ifs Hartford 
Convention^ 383-400. 

Testimony of the chief actors : Adanis N. E~ Federalism, 387-426. 
Testimony of the administration. 

Comparison with Virginia and Kentucky resolutions: See §§ 162- 
164. 

§ 228. 1814. Opposition to the war.— Martial law. 

I. Jackson's military executions : Sumner s Jackson, 33-36. 
What are courts martial? Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 673-694. 

II. Loualier case : IngersoWs Second War, iv. 119-123, 246-2^3, 
260 ; Sumner'' s Jackson , 44-48. 

1814. Dec. 13. Jackson declares martial law. 
Mar. 5-14. Court martial of Louallier. 

27. Jackson fined : JViles'' Register, viii. 246-248. 
Fine refunded : Benton, 11. 499-502. 

III. Constitutional principles : Ifurd's Habeas Corpus, 127 n ; 
North American Reviezo, xciii. 486, 501-504. 

When it ma}' be declared: Jeffersonh Correspondence, iv. 155. 
Effect on civil law. 
Judge of the exigenc\'. 

PEACE (1814). 

§229. (1812-1814.) Peace.— Elements. 

Adams' Gallatin, 478-488; Morse's John ^lincy Adams, 73-77. 
Schoulei-'s U. S. u. 376-377 : 400-402. 

1812. Want of definite causes of war. 
1813-1814. Popular weariness of the war. 
1813-1814. Danger from the Indians. 
1812-1814. Downtail of the French Empire. 
1612-1813. Russian offers of mediation. 

1813. May. Gallatin and Bayard sent out. 

1814. Feb. 8. Appointment of five commissioners. 

§ 230. 1814. Peace— Questions to be settled. 

Morse's John ^lincy Adams, 77-93 ; Stevens' Gallatin, 309-339. 
I. Restoration of peace. 



Peace of Ghent. — Effects of the JJ'ar {^1814- 18 ig) . 07 

2. Status of captured tcrritoi}-. 

3. Impressment (al^andoned June, 1814). 

4. Indians and a proposed neutral belt. 

5. Search of American vessels. 

6. Fisheries. 

7. Opening of the Mississippi : Sc/ittylcr, 2S1. 

8. Settlement of boundary questions 

9. Settlement of claims for slaves. 
10. Commercial restrictions. 

§231. (1814) Peace of Ghent.— Provisions. 

Morsels yo/in ^liiicy Adams, 93-96 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 273- 
275: Suozu's Guide, 116-117; '^U. S. 7^rra//V5, 338-344 ; ° Statutes 
at Laigc, VIII. 218-223. 

1. Terms ot peace. 

2. Boundary commissioners. 

3. Restoration of Indian tribes. 

4. Slave trade. 

1815. Dec. 22. Commercial convention: '^U. S. Treaties, 344- 
347- 
§ 232. (1812 1829.) Effect of the War of 1812. 
Tiicke)-'s U. S. III. 190-193; Se/ioulers U. S. 11. 444-447, 452- 
453' 456-458; Von Holsfs U. S. i. 273-277; Higginson's U. S. 
377-379' BiBL. Shorfs Reference Lists, No. 112, f. 72; Wise's 
Seven Decades. 55-56. 

I. Political effect : Laloj-'s Cyclopaedia, i. 772-773. 
On parties: ruin of the Federalists. 

Rise of military reputat^ons. 
Influence of the young men. 

II. Effect on national feeling : Smuners Jad^^son, /i^i-^^- , 
Pride in the achievements of the nav}-. 

Feeling of common patriotism and loyalty. 

The battle of New Orleans. 

Extrication of the United States from European politics. 

Disappearance of old political issues. 

Ground cleared for the slavery conflict. 

III. Effect on constitutional agitation. 
Questions arising out of the war. 
Ground cleared for constitutional decisions. 



Financial a ltd CommerciaJ Rcoi-ganization {18/^-1822.) 98 

FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL REORGANIZATION 

(1815-1824). 

§ 233. (1815-1817.) Financial and Commercial Reorganiza- 
tion. — Elements. 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 772-774; Von HohCs U. S. i. 382-384; 
Benton's Thii'ty Tears' Vieiv, 1. 1-6; HildretJi's U. S. vi. 581-583; 
Simmer's Jackson, 40-42; Bolles' Financial History of the U. S. 
II. 284-293 ; Sno-Ms Guide, 67. Bibl. Dunbar's Topics in Political 
Economy, iw. p. 14; Wise's Seven Decades, 57, 63-71 ; Johnston's 
American Orations, i. 183-195. 
1812-1815. The national finances. 

Cost of the war. 

Increase in public debt : Diagram. 
1812-1815, Foreign commerce. 
1812-1815. Domestic trade. 
1812-1815. American manufactures. 
1815-1829. Internal Improvements made bv the States. 
1815. Attitude of parties and public men. 

1815-1817. The West as a factor in legislation. 

Reduction of the army: Benton's fvVzf, i. 11. 

§234. (1815-1822.) Financial organization.— The Bank. 

Sumner's American Ciirrency, 68-79 ' ^^" Hoist's U. S. i. 384- 
3SS; Bolles' Financial Historv of the U. S. 11. 278-282, 317-329; 
Schouler's U. S. 11. 446-452, in. 37-39, 109-122, 245-247 ; Hildreth's 
U. S. VI. 589-591 ; 606-609 ; 651-653, 679-682 ; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 
I. 208-209, II. 190-192 ; Sumner's Jackson, 230-233 : Snozu's Guide, 
124-125 ; Lodge's Webster, 61-67 ' Von Hoist's Calhoun. 31-33. 
1811. Expiration of the old bank. 

1813. (i) Charter bill voted down : Hildreth's U. S. vi 463. 

1814. (2) Callioun's bill : Benton's Abridgement, v. 171. 

1814. Campbell's finance : See § 218. 
Commercial crises. 

1815. Jan. (3) Dallas' bill vetoed : Statesmen's A/a/rual. 1. ^2;^. 
Dec. (4) Dallas' new project: jVile's Begister, ix. 261, 2,^6. 

1816. Apr. 10. Bank act. 

181 7. Feb. 20. Resolution on paper money. 
1815-1819. Improvement in tlie national finances. 
1819-1821. Commercial crises. 



lyic liaiik ami the Yar/Jf (j^Jj-iS/g.) 99 

1819. Feb. I. Scire Jac/as vcsoluUon : IlildrclJii- U. S. vi.650- 

654- 
r8'2i-i822. Recovery of the bank. 

§ 235. (1815 1819.) Commercial reorganization. — The tariff 
of 1816. 

Hildreilfs U. S. vi. 583-588; Vou Ho/sfs U. S. i. 396-400: 
BoJlcs Fiuaiicial History, \\. 359-374 [Protectionist view] : Lalor's 
Cyclopaedia, iii. 859-S60 : Siiozu's Guide, 11 8-1 24; Schoulers 
U. S. III. 40-43; Sumner s Jackson, 75-79; Von Ho/sfs Calhoun, 
33-35 ; Benton's J^ezv. i. 33-34; B/aine's Tzvcntv Tears, I. 188-190: 
Greeley's Anieriean Conjlict, i. 89-91 ; Lodge's Wehsifr, 157-161. 
BiiiL. Taussig's References to Political Economy, vi. pp. 3-4 ; 
Short's Reference Lists, No. 128 : L'oster's References, 19. 
I. (1789-1812.) Policy of revenvie tariffs : 

Taussig's Protection to Young Industries, 14-21 ; Taussig's ^'Out- 
line of I^olitical Economy, wi" pp. 1-2 ; BoL'es' E/nancial History of 
the U. S. II. 73-87 ; I^alors Cyclopaedia, iii. 856-859 ; Snozv''s Guide. 
Appendix, 40. 

II. (1815-1816.) First protective tariff. 

1815. Dec. 5. Madison's recommendation : Statesmen'' s Manual . \, 

1 1 T 

18 1 6. Feb. 12. Dallas' report. 
Mar. Debates on the tarit^'. 

Apr. Tariff' act : ^Statutes at Large, \\\, 310. 
1818. x\pr. 20. Act altering dnties on iron. 
1S19. Commercial crisis: Snoivs Guide, 125-126. 

§236. (1816-1822.) Commercial reorganization. — Constitu- 
tional question of internal improvements. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 388-396; Lalors Cyclopaedia. 11. 569-570; 
Kent's Commentaries, 267-268; Benton's Thirty years' Viezv , i. 
21-27 ; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 27-30, 35-41 ; Lodge's Webster, 68-71 : 
Snow's Guide, 126-128; Schouler's U. S. iii. 454-457, 247-254; 
TLildretJis U. S. vi,. 591, 6^7-618, 631. 660 ; Sargent's Public Men 
and Events, i. 24-28. Bibi,. Short's Reference Lists, No. 137. 
I. Powers of the United States to make internal improvements. 

1. Clause on "post roads": Kent's Comnientaries, i. 186-197. 

2. Clause on "commerce between tiie States." 



Internal Improvcnicnts. — Foreign. Commerce {^1815-1822.) 100 

3. Clause on '•'nl^lking war." 

4. Clause on the territories. 

5. Clause on taxes and appropriations: Story's Coninieutar/'cs, 
§ 1267. 

6. Clause on the ''general welfare." 

7« Clause on "necessary and proper" acts. 

Question of the previous consent of States. 
181 7-1822. Character of the constitutional discussion. 

II (1806-1847.) Proposed amendment of the Constitution : Lalors 

Cyclopaedia^ i. 609. 

III. (1816-1822.) Policy of internal improvements. 

1816. Dec. 3. Madison's recommendations : Slaiesiucn's Manual, 

I- 335- 
Dec. 23. Calhoun's Bonus bill: Calhojtv's Wo'/cs, u. ] 86- 

187. 
1816-1822. Amount of appropriations : Diagram. 

IV. (1817-1822.) Vetoes of internal improvement bills- 

1817. Mar. 3. Madison's veto: Benton's Abridgment, v. 721. 
Dec. 2. Monroe's message against internal improvements: 

Statesmen's Manual, i. 403. 
1817. Mar. 14. House resolutions asserting the right of appropri- 
ation. 
1822. May 4. Monroe's veto of the Cumberland road bill : States- 
men's Manual, i. 491- 
24. Monroe's "views": Eliot's Debates, iv. 525; Gil- 
man's Monroe, 239-248. 

§237. (1815-1829.) Commercial organization— Foreign com- . 
merce. 

Sumner's Jackson, 165-170, 197 ; Snow's Guide, 137 ; Schouler's 
U. S. II. 455-456, in. 39-40, 121-129; HildretJis U. S. vi. 609-611. 
BiBL. Dunbar's Tofies i)i Political Economy, w . -p. 21. 

I. Mediterranean affairs : HildretJis U. S. vi. 577-579 ? Schuyler's 
Amzrican Diplomacy, 220-232. 
1815-1816. Algerine war. 

1815. Commercial convention: Schuyler's American Diplomacy, 
428-429. See § 231. 



Elcfncnts of Mitiroc's Advihiist rati( n {/&j6-lS2j). 101 

1815-1817. Revival of IruLk- willi Enoland. 

Qi_iest.i()ii ol" West India trade. 
1817. Mar. I. Navigation aci : I^aloj-'s C\cluf>acdla , 11. 975. 
. 1818. Oct. 20. Boundary C(>nvention. 

■ Fishery convention : Sc/iiiylcrs Aincrican Diplo- 

I iiiacy, 408-414. 

• 1820. Ma}- 15. Retaliatory acton colonial trade. 
1818-1824. Qiiestion of slave trade and right of search : Sc/ncylcrs 

American Diploniacv, 240-247. 
1822-1827. Arbitration tor slave claims : Benton's Thirty Years 

Viczu, I. 88-91. 
1822-1823. Question of the navigation of the St. Lawrence : Schuy- 
lers American Diplomacy , 282-286. 

III. (1815-1829.) Statistics of Fo eityn Commerce. 

>? 238 (1816-1826) Monroe s Administration —Elements. 

Gilman's Alicnroc, 125-126; Aforse's "'JoJin ^^itincy Adams. 102- 
108; //iggy'nson's U. S. 390-405; Snozc's Guide, 118, 140-146: 
Schouler''s U. S. 11. 458-462, in. 1-20; Sargent's Public Men and 
Events, i. 19-21. Bibl. Gilman's Monroe, 267-268: Foster's Ref- 
erences. 15-19. 

I. (1816.) Election of 1816 : Stanzuood's Presidential Election , 
64-69; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 367. 

1. Candidates. 

2. Position of Randolph. 

3. Campaign. 

4. Vote: Diagram: Map. 

II. (1817-1825.) Monroe's policy.— General. 

Character of James Monroe : Gilman's Monroe, 180-199 ; Sc/iouler's 

U. S. III. 200-207. 
Monroe's theorv of government : Gilman's Afonroe, 213-217. 
Inaugural address.: Statesmen's Alanjtal, 390-396. 
Cabinet. 
Appointments: Schoulcr's U. S. iii. 235, 271-275. 

III. (1820.) Election of 1820: Stanzvood's Presidential Elec- 
tions, 70-78; Sno-v's Guide, 140; Schoulers U. S. \\\. 197-199; 
Stunner's fackson, 73 ; Hildreth's U. S. vi. 701-702. 

IV. (1820-1825.) Era of good feeling: Gilman's Monroe. 125- 



■****.. 



H-esi and East Florida J:^nest/o?/ {180J-1S14). 102 

140; Schoider^s U. S. iii. 43-54. 256-259; Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 

108-109. 

Obliteration of old part}- lines. 

Incapacity and taction in Congress. 

Personal feelings and personal quarrels : Benton'' s Viczv, i. 7-S. 

Development of sectional and party questions. 

Increased influence of the masses. 

Rise of the "spoils system" in the States. 

ANNEXATION OF FLORIDA (1803-1819). 
§239. (1803-1813.) Florida.— West Florida question. 

HUdretJis U. S. vi. 223-228, 310: Doiiahlsoii\s Public Domain, 
108-109 ; Map. 
1803-1806. Spain left in possession : See § 188 ; Sitniiier's yack- 

S071, 19-20. 
1808. Official relations broken off'. 

1810. Effect of the revolution. 

Oct. 27. Proclamation for occupation : Sc/ioule-rs U. S. 11 • 
312. 
iSri. Jan. 15. Joint resolution for possession : Hildretli's U. S. 
VI. 225. 

181 2. Annexation as far as the Pearl. 

1813. Annexation as far as the Perdido : Von Hoist's U. S. i. 

§240. (1805-1814.) Florida.— East Florida question. 

Simi^icrs yackson, 49-72; Donaldson's Public Domain, 109; 
Snozv's Guide, 128-130. 
1805-1806. Two-million appropriation : Adams' Randolph, 161- 

173- 

181 1. Jan. 15. Act for temp(M-ary occupation : Schonler's U. S. 

It- 313- 

1812. House bill tor permanent occui:)ation : HildfctJi's U. S. vi. 

311- 

Aug. Invasion by Georgia troops: llildreth's b. S. vi 

374-375- 

1813. May. Order for withdrawal. 

1814. Jackson attacks the I^ritisli in Pensacola : IlildretJi's U. S. 
VT. 521, 539. 

§ 241. (1815- 1818) Florida.— Seminole war. 
Sumner s yackson, 49-67: }\^u Hoist's C S. 1. 336-339; Schou- 



S/>c7u/s// Treaty {j8jj-j8j(j). 103 

lei-'s U. S. III. 57-95 ; Vo7i Hoist's Calhoiiii, 88-93 ; Gil man'' s Moii- 
roc, 14O-143 ; Ilildrcth's U. S. vi. 605-606, 627-628, 641-646, 654- 
657 ; Sargcnfs Public Men and Events, i. 21-24. 
1815-1816. Causes of the outbreak. 
1816. Destruction of the negro fort. 

1816-1817. Jackson's campaigns. 

1818. Apr. -May. St. Marks and Pensacola occu}>ied. 

Apr. Arbuthnot and Ambristei" cases. 

Question of the resp;)nsibilit\- for the invasion. 

Q^iestion ot' a court-martial on Jackscjn. 
1818-1829. Effects of the war. 

§242. (1803 1819.) Florida.— Texas question. 

Von Hoist's U. S. II. 548-558. BiBi.. Foster's References, 19. 
1599-1762. Ancient boundary disputes. 
1803. Boundary between Mexico and Louisiana : Adatns' Afcuwirs, 

VI. 220-221. 
1806. Wilkinson's temporary agreement: Hildi eth's U. S. v. 611. 
1808. Revolt of the Spanish colonies. 
1815. Favorable juncture for negotiations. 

§243. (1815 1819.) Treaty of 1819.— Negotiations. 

Gilman's Alonroe, 108-119 : Snoza's Guide, 130-131 ; Sc/n)uler''s 
U. S. III. 23-24; Hildr eth's U. S. vi. 647. 
Reasons for Spanish cession. 
Question of the consideration to be paid. 
Q^iestion ot the western boundar\'. 
Q^iestion of land titles and land claims. 

§ 244. (1819 1820.) Treaty of 1819.— The Treaty. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 96, iii. 947 ; Schoulcrs U. S. iii. 95-96. 
130-133, 175; Dohaldso7i''s Public Domain, 110-114; Sumner's 
"Jackson, 67-69; Snozus Guide, 130-132 ; HildretJis U. S. vi. 658, 
6^6, 712-713; °U. S. Treaties, 785-794; "-Honaldson's Public 
Domain, 111-114; Blaine, i. 13-14. 
1819. Feb. 22. Treaty signed. 

Cession of the Floridas. 

Western boundarv : Sargent's Public Men and Events, 164- 

165. 

Cession north of the forty-second parallel. 

Qiiestion of claims. 
1828. Oct. 20. Ratification by Spain. 



Growth of Slavery {1808-1824). 104 

1821. July. Formal transfer : Donaldson's Public Domain^ 116. 
Cost and area of the purchase. 

§245. (1819-1845.) Treaty of 1819.— Effect. 

Morse's yohn ^lincy Adanis, 11 7-1 19. 123-126; Schoulers U. S. 
III. 96-99, 176-178, 239-244. 275-277 ; Benton's Thirty Tears' Vlezv, 
I. 15-18. 

Reception by the American public. 
Question of the Spanish land grants: Morse's yohn ^ilncy Adams, 

117-119. 
Qj.iestion of the territorial government of Florida : Jl/orsc's jt'ohn 

^ilncy Adams, 159-163. 
The Callava question : Sunincr's yackson, 69-72. 
Effect on Spanish influence in America. 
Effect on the far north-west. 
Effect on the growth of slavery. 

THE SLAVERY QUESTION (1808-1820). 

§246. (1808-1820.) Slaveiy.— Growth cf the system. 

Von Holsfs U. S. i. 340-356: Lalors Cyclopaedia, iii. 730-732 ; 
Schouler's U. S. iii. 134-138, 145-147; Davis' Rise and Fall of the 
(Confederate Government, i. 3-14; Cox's Three Decades of Federal 
Lciy-lslatlon, 35-45 ; Goodell, Slavery and Anti-Slavery, 341-352 ; 
Draper, i. 292-352. 

1789-1808. Previous growth : See \ 140. 
1838-1820. Increase by illegal importation. 

Natural increase of the black population : Diagram. 
1808-1820. Effect on the population of the sections: Diagram. 

Effect on the wealth of the sections. 

Effect on the civilization of the sections. 

Persistence of slavery in free states. 

Faint hope of eradicating slavery. 

Status of the free negro. 

Inter-state slave trade. 
1803-1819. Effect of annexations. 
1815-1819. Effect of the tariff and internal improvements. 

§247. (1808-1820) Slavery— The Slave trade. 

Lalors Cyclopaedia, in. 732-733; Schoiilers U. S. in. 140-144; 
Hlldreth's U. S. vi. 638, 660-681 ; IVllson's Slave Pozver, i. 97-1 ri ; 
Goodell, 259-262. 



National Relation of Slavery {J 808-1820). lOo 

1816. Randolph's inquirv int > the trade in the District ot^ Columbia. 
Annals of Congress, mS- 

1817. Amelia Island station broken up : Benton's Abridgment^ 
VI. 19. 

Jan. 12. BurrilTs resolution: Benton s Abridgment ,w. 11. 

1819. Mar. 3. Additional act: '^Statutes at Large, tii. 532. 

1820, May 15. Slave-trade declared piracy : '^Statutes at Large, 
III. 600; Schuyler, 244-245. 

1820. State of tlie trade: Jay, 276-282: Williams, 11. 10-14. 
Reasons for English opposition : Schuyler, 234-238. 

§ 248. (1816-1829 ) Slavery. — The Colonization Movement. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 329-333 ; Snozv's Guide, 137 ; Greeley's 
American Conflict, 1. 71-74; Wilson's Slave Pojver, i. 208-222; 
Schoulers U. S. iii. 138-144: //ildreth's U. S. vi. 613-616; Gar- 
rison. I. 90-91 ; Williams' Au\oro Race in America, 11. 51-59: Wil- 
son, I, 208-222: Draper, i. 331-332. 
1801. Nov. Jefferson's scheme ; "Jefferson, \\ . i^i<^. 

1816. Dec. 28. Society formed. 

1817. Jan. -Feb. Action of Congress. 
1820. Operations begun. 

1820-1860. Republics of Liberia and Monrovia. 

1820-1860. Effect of the work of the Society : Jay's Miscellaneous 
Writings, 78-80. 
§249. (1808 1829.) Slavery.— Status in the Territories. 
Goodell, 236-243 ; Cairncs, 108 cf. § 139. 

1787-1820. Territory north of the Ohio made free: §§ 54, 121. 
1790-1820. Territory south of the Ohio made slave: § 139. 
1800-1820. Status in tlie District of Columbia. 
1803-1820. Status in Louisiana. 
1809-1820. Status in Florida. 

§250 (1808-1820) Slavery.— Equilibrium of the Sections. 
Snow's Guide, 132-134; Shoulefs U. S. iii. 99-101 ; Draper, i. 
197-201, 389. 

1. In population. 

1790-1820. Gain of tlie North : Diagram. 

2. In area. 

1790-1820. Gain of the South : Diagram. 

3. In the Senate. 

Indemnity for slaves: Benton, i. 88-91 ; Wilson, i. 112-122. 



Elements of the Missouri Coinproinisc {i8i2-i8ig). lOG 

Annexation and slaver}- ; Coxe's Three Decodes, 43-45. 

Indian policy and slavery : Wilson, i. 122-124. 
1791-1819. Alternate admission of States : 3fap. 

4. In the House. 
1790-1819. Effect of the Federal ratio: Diagram. 
1790-1819. Gain of the North : Diagram. 

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1819-1821), 
Blaine, i. 15-21 ; Draper, i. 349-354. 

§251. (1819 1821.) Missouri Compromise.— Elements. 

Schoulei-'s U. S. in. 147-148, 155-156; Ilildreth^s U. S. vi. 660- 
662; Von Holsfs U. S. I. 357-358; C air nes' Slave Po2ver, 108-111. 
Why did the question come up in 1819? 
Character of the Northern leaders. 
Character of the Southern leaders. 
Influence of old Federalists. 
Position of the middle States. 
Presentation of a definite political issue. 

§ 252. (1819.) Missouri compromise.— Arkansas Debate. 

Von Holsfs U. S. I. 372-373 ; Greeley s American Conjiict. i. 75 ; 
Schouler's U. S. iii. 101-103 ; Tlildrcfli's U. S. vi. 662-676. 
Bill for the erection of the Territory. 

Suggestion of a compromise line : Benton's Abridg-incnt. vi. 359, 363. 
Taylor's prohibitory amendment: Benton's Abridgment, vi. 366. 
Taylor's modified (36'-' 30') amendment : Benton's Abridgment, 

VI. 366. 
Arkansas organized without limitation. 

§253. (1812-1819) Missouri Compromise. — First Missouri 
Debate. 

HildreiJi's U. S. vi 661-676; Tucker's U. S. in. 254-257 ; Schon- 
ler's U. S. Ill, 148-15 1 ; Greeley's American Conjiict, i. 74-75 : Wil- 
son, I. 135-139; Williams. 11. 14-19; Stephen's. 11. 135-138. 
1812. June 4. Missouri lerritorv tormed. Statutes at Large. 11. 

743- 

1818. x\pr. First admission bill ; no action. 
Dec. 3. Admission of Illinois. 

18 19. Feb. 13. Second admission bill (House). 

15. Tallmadge's amendment: prohibition and emanci- 
pation : Benton's Abridgment, vi. 333. 



Debates in the Missonri Coi/ipro/jn'sc {^iH ig-iH20) . 107 

27. Senate strikes out the amemlnienl. 
Mar. 3. x\dj()urnment without action. 

Excited public leeling. 

Action of leijjislatures. 
Dec. 14. Admission of Alabama. 

§254 (1819 1820) Missouri Compromise.— Second Debate. 

Hildrctlis U. S. vi. 682-691 ; Greeley's Aineriean Conjlict, \. 75- 
79; Schotilcr's U. S. 111. 154-163; Wilson., i. 139-147: Williams., 
II. 19-20. 

1819. Dec. 30. (i) Maine bill passes the House. 

1820. Jan. (2) Amendment coupling Missouri offered in Senate. 
Feb. I. Roberts" prohibitory amendment lost; Benton's 

Abridgment, vi. 434. 

16. Coupling amendment i arried : Benton's Abridg- 
ment, VI. 450. 

17. Trimble's amendment (line west of Missouri and 
Arkansas) lost: Benton's Abridgment, vi. 451. 

17. Thomas' amendment (basis of later compromise) 
accepted: Benton s Abridgment, vi. 451. 

23. House disagrees to Senate amendments : Benton's 
Abridgment, vi. 557. 
Jan. 24. (3) Missouri bill. 

Debated in the House : Benton's Abridgment, 
VI. 476. 

26. vStorrs' amendment {■^^'^ and fugitives) lost: Ben- 
ton's Abridgment, \\. 477-479. 

27. Taylor's .imendment (prohibition and fugitives). 
Benton's 'Abridgment , vi. 479. 

Feb. 29. Storrs' "recommendatory" amendment lost : Ben- 
ton's Abridgment, vi. 562-564. 
29. Taylor's amendment accepted : Benton's Abridg- 
nient, vi. 564. 

Mar. I. (4) Dead-lock: House passes its Missouri bill: An- 
nals of Congress, 1572. 

§255. (1820) Missouri Compromise.— The great compromise. 

Tucker's U. S. in. 283-287; Sehouler's U. S. 111. 163-166; 
Greeley's American Conflict, i. 79-80 ; Wilson, i. 147-149 : Stephens, 
u. 149. 



Missoitri Compromise {1820-182/). 108 

1820. (i) Who proposed it ? 

( 2) Its terms. 

1820. Mar. 2. House withdraws restrictions from Missouri bill : 
Benton's Abridgnicni vi. 570; Annals 0/ Con- 
gress, 1587. 
2. House accepts 36° 30' clause: Benton's Ahridg- 
inoit, VI. 570; Annals 0/ Congress, 1587. 

2. Senate inserts 36° 30' : Benton's Abridgment, V7. 
453 ; Annals of Congress, 471- 

3. Senate withdraws Missouri amendment to Maine 
bill ; Benton's Abridgment, vi. 454 ; Annals of 
Congress, 471. 

Vote analyzed: *Ste-phen, 11. 149-156. 

(3) Monroe's scruples. 

a. May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? 
h. Does "forever" mean "for ever"? 
c. Is the act constitutional? 
1820. Mar. 15. (4) Act allowing Missouri to form a Constitntion. 

§ 256. (1820-1821.) Missouri Compromise— The second com- 
promise. 

Lalot's Cyclopaedia, i. $^o--^$i ; Schoulej's U. S. iii. 178-186; 
HildretJis U. S. vi. 703, 705-713; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 378-381; 
Wilson. I. 153-161 : Stephens, 11. 156-161. 

I. State Constitution. 

1820. Nov. 23. Submitted to Congress: Kiles Register, xix. 51. 

1. Limitations on power of legislature to interfere with slavery. 

2. Prohibition of entrance of free negroes. 

II. Constitutional question of citizenship. 

1. Mav free negroes be citizens? 

2. i\Iav Con<n-ess compel a State to observe the laws of another 
State ? 

III. Question of the electoral vote. 

IV. Clay's compromise. 

1820. Dec. II. Senate accepts the constitution: Annals of Con- 

gress, 118. 
Dec. 13. House refuses to accept the constitulie)n : Annals 
of Congress, 640. 

182 1. Feb. 22. Clay's proposition for a committee: Benton's 

Abridgment, vii. 126; Annals of Congress, 
1219. 



/J/scuss/o7i of the M/ssonri Cof/iproj?/isc {7S20). 1(1') 

1821. Feb. 26. House accepts the "citizen of the States"" clause; 
Benton's Abr/di(niciit, vii. 129. 
Senate accepts it: Ain/als c)/ Coiig-irss, 388. 



DISCUSSION OF THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820- 

1821). 

§257. (1820.) Missouri Compromise. — Was it just? 

Lalors Cyclopaedia^ \. 551-552; Schoiilcrs U. S. in. 171-173. 
BiBL. S h or Cs Reference Lists^ p. 42; Fosters Reperences, 17-18; 
Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 554 ; Wise's Seven Decades^ 73"74 ? Toombs 
in Step/iens, I. 635 : Draper., 1. 352-354: Cairnes, iio-iii. 

I. The Northern side. 

1. All men "tree and equal.'" 

2. Injur\- to Missouri and the Northwest. 

3. Discouragement of free labor. 

4. Increase of slave population. 

5. Responsibility for slavery. 

II. The Southern side. 

1. Common territory. 

2. Common protection. 

3. Unequal division by the compromise. 

§258. (1820) Missouri Compromise.— Was it expedient? 

Gihnan''s Monroe. 144-149 ; Snoivs Guide, 134-137 : Sehoiiler's 
U. S. III. 168-17 1 ; V\>n Hoist's U. S. i. 374-378. 

I. Dangers of postponement. 

1. Character of the population of Missouri. 

2. Influence on the Northwest. 

3. Aggravation of the slavery contest. 

II. Dangers of restricting States. 
I. State-rights. 

§ 259. (1820 ) Missouri Compromise.— Was it necessary in 
order to save the 'Union? 

Von Hoist's U. S. \. 370-372, 378. 
Jefferson's opinion: Jefferson, vii. 148, 158, 179, 204, 211. 
J. Q^ Adams' opinion : Adams'' Memoirs, iv. 529-533 ; Morse's John 

^lin cy A dams. 120-123. 



Constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise {1820). 110 

Monrof's opinion : Gihnan's Muiiroe, 145. 
Calhoun's opinion: Von Hoist's Calhoun, 293. 
Demon's opinion : Benton's Thirty Tears'' Viezv, i. 8-10. 

§ 260. (1820.) Missouri Compromise.— Was it constitu- 
tional? 

Von Hols fs U. S. 1. 359-370; Lalor's Cyclopaedia, i. 549-550; 
Tucker's U. S. iii. 269-282; Schouler's U. S. jii. 166-167; J^^'^~ 
dreth's U. S. vi. 690-694; Stephens, 11. 135-149; Benton's Vicia, 11. 
140-143. 

I. Questions at Issue. 

1. Could Congress prev^ent the introduction of shnerv? 

2. Are Territories property? 

3. Was Louisiana like other territory? 

4. Could Congress abolish slavery where it had existed? 

5. Did the treaty of 1803 secure slavery? 

6. Could Congress bind its successors? 

7. Could Congress bind States? 

II. Arguments for restriction. 

I. Expectations of the '"fathers of the Constitution." 
Precedent of Northwest Ordinance. 
Discretion in admitting new States. 
Precedents of limitation on other States. 
Power to regulate commerce. 
Guarantee ot a re[")ublican form of government. 

III. Arguments against restriction. 
Sovereigntv of the States. 
Status of new States. 
''Migration or importation." 
Force of the treaty of 1803. 

§261. (1820 1850.) Missouri Compromise —Effects. 

Schoti/er's U. S. iii. 186-188 : Higginson's U. S. 390-393 : ////- 
dreth's U. S. vi. 6()^-6gS : Benton's Thirty Tears' View, i. 8-10; 
Wilson. I. 149-152. 
On Missouri. 
On the Territories. 
On the South. 
On the North. 
On the slavery content. Draper, i. 354-359. 



Constitutional Decisions (/8oj-j82j). Ill 

On the developnienl of the nation ; Adams' Memoirs, v. 3-13. 
1820. Was it observed as a settlement? Stcfi/icns, 11. 161-163. 
Attempt to make Illinois a slave state; IVilson, i. 161-164. 
Attempt to make Arkansas a free state; Stephens, 11. 163-164. 

CONSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS (1800-1824). 

§262. (1800-1829.) Constitutional decisions— Elements. 

Magniders Marsliall, 1 61-182. SuDincrs Jackson, 128-132, 135. 

1800-1824. Character of John Marshall and his coadjutors. 

1800-1809. T'he judiciary terrorized. 

1815-1829. Consciousness of national feeling-. 

1815-1829. Extension of the field of national government. 

1815-1829. Application of the doctrine of construction in legislation. 

1800-1829. Influence of Federalist principles. 

§263 (1801-1829) Cons'iitutionaldecisions— Jurisdiction of 
the Courts asserted 

Siiiuuer's yackson, 130. 
1803. Marbury z'.s-. Madison : § 181. V^*^^^ ' W^^*^ fSX-l%. 
Ma}- the Supreme Court declare an act of Congress unconsliiu- 
tional? / C-ou—cJl'^ ^^^-fM/J^ , r^.J.^ /J^S 

1816. ?vIartin vs. Hunter's Lessee : ^'i. Wheaton, i^oa^; Curtis, 
in. 562. 

1. May the Su[n-eme Court declare a State law unconstitutional? 

2. Mav the Supreme Court pass (mi the validit\- of a trea1\? 

182 1. Cohens vs. Virgini a : Van Savtvoord's Chief Justicrs, a^(-6- 
469; iMagruders Marshall, 198-201: ^'Marshall, 221- 
261 ; '-'6 Wheat on, 264. 

1. Has the Supreme Court jurisdiction ? Story's Commentaries, 

§§ 1703-1715- 

(/. Doctrine of jurisdiction where a Slate is a party. 

/;. Doctrine ot jurisdiction where the Constitution is involved. 

6". Doctrine of the writ of error. 

2. Is the operation of a special act of Congress for the district of 
Columbia contined to the District? .Marsha//, 256-261-. 

§264. (1801-1824 ) Constitutitinal decisions.— Powers of 

Congress maintained. 

Sumner s "Jae/cson, 128. 
1 8 19. n ^ iVI r-CiTEEOUGH vs. M aryeanu : V^an Santvoord's Chief 
yusttces,/^<)g-^(>S '■> ^f^^gruders Marsha// , 194-198 : "^^ Mar- 
sha//, 160-187; *^4 Wheaton, 316 (400) : Curtis, iv. 415. 






^^3. u^,^^ " V^ u'^r^Jc.^Z;^ ^^, ^a. 



Constitutional Decisions {i8og-i82y) . 112 

1. Has Congress power to create corporations? Story's Covwien- 
taries, §§ 1 257-1 261. 

cu Implied powers. 

h. Territorial governments. 

c. Precedent of the District of Columbia. 

2. Has Congress power to incorporate a bank? Story's Commen- 

taries^ §§ 1 262-1 267. 
a. Necessar}' and proper clause: § 128. 
h. Clause voted down in the Convention. 

3. Can a State tax tlie bank? Kenfs Comnieutaries, i. 398-401. 

a. Doctrine of concurrent taxation. 

b. Doctrine of public corporations. 

H. (i824)Os BORN ET^L. VS. R^NK OF thr J[_LS. : ]\in Santvoord''s 
Chief 'Justices, 461-466; ^Mars/ialL 315-342: ^^9 
IVheaton, 738; Curtis, vi . 251.^^ y^ttuij, 

1. May the United States protect the bank against a State? Mar- 

shalU 324-333- 

2. Is the bank a public institution? Marshalh 334-340. 

III. (1869-1884.) Legal tender cases: Knox's U. S. Auytes. 

1869. {a) Hepburn vs. Gr i s wold : '^S Wallace, 603-640. 

1870. (b) Lej^'al tender ca.'-^ : "12 Wallace, 457. 

1884. ie) J ulliard vs. Gre en man : ''^lOiox's U. S. J\"otes, Af^endix, 
156-166. 

§265. (1801-1829) Constitutional decisions —Powers of the 
Executive defended 

1S00-1803. RebiitT in the case of Marbury vs. Madi.'-on : § iSi. 

1806-1807. Wish of the executive to extend liis powers : §§ 186, 205. 

1827. C ase of Martin vs._ Mqt t : § 226; ^^12 Wliea.'on, 19. 
Who is the judge of the exigency ot invasion .■" 
Mav the President delegate his military powers.'' 

§266. (1801-1829.) Constitutional decisions — Limitations on 
the powers of the States. 

Sumner's Jackson, 128 130. 
1809. United States t'.s. Judg e Peter.s : °5 Cranch, 115, 141. 
I. Mav a State Legislature' annul a judgment of a L^nited States 
Court? Marshall. 120-125. 
- i8ro. Fletcher vs. Peck : Van Santvoord's Chief Justices , ^11- 
413 ; Magruder's Marshall. 186-190. 
I. Mav a State annul its own grants? ilharshall. 131-138. 



'' \i. h,r^,^/K<. % /V*HL*«X«J5? C*Ai,*A...t*^^tjt J^C-i«^«l«^ %U^ ^^vHos, 4)" 

7l^ Gc^ ^^ .Va^ i{^. ^-^ ^^-^^ ^ -^^^..^.-jp^^ ^ 



Constitutional Decisions {i8ig-i82g). 11.-} 

1819. Sturge s vs. Crowninshield. 

I. Ma}^ a State release a citizen from a private contract? Mar- 
shall, 155-158. 
'.1819. Dartmouth College casej Van Santzvood's Chief 'Jtis- 
//rc\s-, 450-455 ; Lodges JVedsler, "ji-ioS ; Magrudc7''s Mar- 
shall, 190-193: '^Marshall, 188-210; '^4 Wheaton, 518; Cur- 
tis, IV. 460. 

1. Are charters contracts? Story's Conwicntarics, §§ 1 392-1 395 ; 
Kent's Coninieiitaries, i. 390-393. 

a. Doctrine of private corporations. 

/). Doctrine of the intent of the framers of the Constitution. 

2. Is the New Hampshire hiw a viohuion of the charter? Kbit's 
Commentaries, i. 393. 

a. Doctrine of the effect of revolution. 

b. Doctrine of the supremacy of the Constitution. 

•1824. Gibbons vs. Ogden; "^9 Wheaton, i. ; '^Marshall, 287-304; 
Curtis, II. I. 
I. May a State grant monopolies of navigation ? 
a. Commerce clause. 
h. Preference to ports. 

§ 267. (1805 1829.) Constitivtio nal Decisions.— Effec t. 

Sujnners ^Jackson, 130-132 ; JMagruder's Marshall, 1 61-201. 
Connection with political histor\-. 
Objections of the Jeffersonians. 
Effect on legislation. 
Effect on party divisions. 
Effect on the judiciary. 
Effect on the development of the Constitution. 



ELEMENTS OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1789- 1823) 

§268. (1492-1789.) European colonization.— Progress. 

1493-1789. Spanish colonies. 

1500-1825. Portuguese colonies. 

1604-1763. French colonies. 

1607-1775. Englisii colonies. 

1613-1664. Dutch colonies: Lodge's Colonies, 285-297. 

1637-1655. Swedish colonies: Lodge's Colonies, 206-207. 



European Colonization and J'olitical System {i 4^2-1 82j). 114 

1714-1867. Russian colonies. 

1789. Distribution of American colonies : ]Map. 

§259. (1492-1789.) European colonization. — Principles. 

1. Direction of the colonies. 

2. System of commercial restrictions. 

3. Complication in European wars. 

4. Polic}' of supporting revolts of the colonies of unfriendl}' powers. 

§ 270. (1799-1820.) European colonization.— Revolt of the 
Spanish American colonies. 

Schoulcr's U. S. III. 25-27 : Dyers Modern Europe, v. 370. 
BiBL. Outliue, 1885-86,/. 69. 

1799-1807. British schemes: Miranda project: §§ 171, 173. 
1808. French conquest of Spain : first revolt of the colonies. 

1814-1816. Restoration ot the Bourbons : ihe colonies subdued. 
1814-1816. T^'ranny of the Bourbons. 

1818-1821. Second revolt and declarations of independence. 
1816. Life and influence of General Bolivar. 

§271. (1814-1824.) European political system. 

Snozvs Guide. 146-148; Schoiiler's U. S. iii. 31-36, 255-256, 
277-286. BiBL. Outline, 1885-86, p. 70. 

1814-1815. End of the French revolution : Spirit of the restorat On, 
1815-1817. The Holv Alliance: Ealors Cyclopaedia, i. 66-69; 

'^Hertslefs Map of Europe by Treaty, i. 317. 
1818-1822. Intervention in Europe. 
1818-1823. Spain asks for intervention in America. 
1818-1822. Recognition of the Spanish American states by the 

United States. 
1823-1824. Spain asks for a congress on American affairs. 
1823. Aug. -Sept. British proposal to the United States for a joiiU 

* declaration against inter\'ention. 

1823. Russian s\mpathy with Spain. 

§272. (1823.) Monroe Doctrine.— Status of America. 

I. Colonies and dependencies of Great Britain, France, Holland, 
Denmark, and Portugal. 



Elements of iJie Mo/rroc Doctrine {jy8g-j82j). 115 

2. Spanish dominions. 
1819-1824. Designs of England, France, and the United States on 
Cuba: Von Hoist's tJ. S. i. 141 11. 

3. Independent Spanish American States. 

4. The United States of America. 

5. Russian chiims : ScJiiiyler's Aincriccm I)if>loniacy ^ 294-297. 
1790. Oct. 28. Nootka Sound Convention : GrccuJiozv's Oregon. 
1821. Jan. 30. Imperial ukase on the Northwest coast: American 

State Papers^ Foreign v. 
1823. Julv 17. Adams' declaration on colonization: Adams' Me- 
moirs, VI. 163. 

§ 273. (1823. ) Monroe Doctrine. — Peculiar interest of the 
United States. 

Morse's 'JoJin ^lincy Adams, 128-134 : Schoulers U. S. iii. 27-31 ; 
Von Hoist's U. S. I. 412-417. 

1. Commercial interest in South Amt rican trade. 

2. Defensive interest from the fear of invasion. 

3. SN^mpathy with young republics. 
1S14-1818. Filibustering expedition. 

4. Protection of the frontiers. Jealousy of Spain. 
1817. Amelia Island and Galveston. 

5. Desire to acquire Cuba. 

§ 274. (1789-1883.) Monroe Doctrine.— Traditional foreign 
policy of the United States. 

A Gihnan's Monroe, 162-170: Tucker's Monroe Doctrine, i-ii. 

I. Non-interference in European affairs. 

1793. Washington's neutral policy: See §§ 150, 153. 
1796. Washington's advice : Statesmen's Manual, \. 77. 
1798. John Adams' policy ; § 171. 
1801-9. Jefferson's opinion and policy : §§ 183, 209. 
1812-15. Madison's policy : Adams' Memoirs, i. 480, 573. 
1820. John Q^iincy Adams" declaration : Adam's Memoirs, iv. 182 : 
V. 152. 

II. Non-interference of European powers in America. 

1787. Hamilton's ])iediction : Federalist (Dazvson's ed.) JVo. xi. 
p. 6^. 



Th c Mo firoe Dcclaratio7i ( y 82J -1824). 1 1 G 

1803. Effect of the Louisiana purchase: Sec §§ 187, 188. 
1815. Effect of the War of 1812 : Sec §§ 231, 232. 

III. Further colonization to be prevented. 
1823. July. Adams' decUiration : Adams' Memoirs vi. 193. 

THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1823-1824). 

§ 275. (1823.) Monroe Doctrine. — Question of making a 
declaration. 

Gilmaii's Monroe, 181-174 ; Sehoulcr's U. S. in. 286, 288. 
1823. Oct. 24. Jefferson's advice : yefferson , vii. 315-317. 
30. Madison's advice: Mad/soii, iii. 339-340. 
Nov. Calhoun's advice : Adams' Memoirs^ vi. 177. 185, 206. 
Wirt's advice: Adauis' Menoirs, vi. 203-204- 
x\dams' advice : Adams' Memoirs, vi. 177-179. 185, 

195' 197- 

Monroe's first draft : Adams' Memoirs, vi. 194. 

1823. Dec. 2. First declaration. 

1824. Dec. 7. Second declaration. 

§ 276. 1823-1824. Monroe Doctrine.— Form of the declara- 
tion. 

l^Gilmaii's Monroe, 156-166; Von. Hoist's U. S. 1. 419-421. 
u Snow's Guide, 148-150. 

1. Colonization: ° Statesmen's ATanuaL .\'^2-^^'}^. 
On Russia. 

On colonization. 

2. Intervention: '^Statesmen's 3fanual, ^60. 
On intervention in Spain. 

On interterence with Spanish America. 
On the American policy towards Europe. 

3. Political System : ° Statesmen's Manual. 461,468, 476. 
On the European svstem in America. 

On the success of Sjianish American states. 

§277 (1823-1826.) Monroe Doctrine. — Exposition. 

Morse's John ^lincy Adams, 134-138 ; Tuclcer's Monroe Doc- 
trine, 11-22 ; Schouler's U. S. iii. 288-291 ; La/or's Cyclopaedia, 11. 
898-900: Von Hoist's U. S. I. 419-421: Higgin son's U. S. 403. 
BiBL. Short's Reference Lists, f. 74; Gilman's Monroe, 269-272. 



Exposil/o/i of' the Monroe Docli'ine ij82j-i84j). 117 

I. Colonization. 
Reason for the clause. 

Not a claim to the whole continent. 

Not a bar to colonies established by consent of American states. 

Jefferson, in. 315-317 ; Dana's Wheaton, 103. 
1826. Webster's construction ol the clause: Webster, iii. 178. 

II. Political system. 

Not a disapproval of monarchy. 

A disapproval of the principle of leg"itimac\'. 

Not a disapproval of dependent States. 

A disapproval of coerciuir independent States. 

Not a disapproval of the transfer of colonies : Dana's Wkeaton, 

TIO-III. 

III. Intervention. 
Temporar}' atid effectual. 

§ 278. (1823-1845.) Monroe Doctrine— Effect. 

Gi/nian's Monroe, 171-174; Sc/ionlers U. S. iii. 292-293. 

I. On South America. 
Independence assured ; Gervimis, x. 139. 

Did the United States pledge itself to protect? Adams' Memoirs, 
VI. 202-208. Von Ho/sfs U. S. i. ^21-^22. 

II. On Europe. 

1824. Joint intervention abandoned. 

Last attempt of reconquest by Spain. 

1825. Jan. I. Recognition b\ England: Knig/i/'s England, tit. 

182-186. 

III. On the United States. 

Effect of an executive declaration. 
The opinion of Congress never expressed. 
1824. Jan. 29. Clav's resolution : Benton's Abridgment , vii. 650- 
652. 

IV. On Enssia. 

Treaty of 1824 : Sc/niyler, 297-304: § 465. 

ELEMENTS OF PARTY DIVLSION (1820-1825). 

§279. (18201824.) Tariff of 1824. 

Von Holsfs U. S. i. 400-403; Se/ioa/er's U. S. 11 1. 296-298: 
Lalor's Cyclopaedia, iii. 860-861 ; Stimner's yackson, 76-77, 194- 
196. 



Tariff of J 8 24 {1820-1828). lis 

Blaiiic^s Tzvcnty J^ars, i. 191. 

Snoic's Guide, 1^2-1^^ ; Bcvfon's Thirty Tears V/C7u, i. 32-34: 
T odor's Webster, i. 161-165. Bibl: Taussig's "•Outline of Po- 
litical Economy VI." 5-6: Short's Reference Lists, 128. 

I. (1820-1813.) Tariff agitation. 

1820. Aug. 27. Convention of "Friends of National Induslr}-'" : 
Bishop's History of American Manufacturers, it. 

257-258- 
Apr. House protective bill lost in the Senate. 
1822. Jan. 9. Baldwin's bill. 

1822. Dec. 21. Monroe's recommendation: Statesmen's Manual, 

I. 448. 

1823. Jan. 9. Todd's bill : Bishop, 11. 279. 

II. (1828-1834.) Tariff of 1824. 

1823. Dec. 2. Monroe's recommendation : Statesmen's Manual, 

II. 56, I. 458. 

1824. Apr. 16. Bill passes the Senate. Bill passes the House. 
Ma}' 22. Provisions of the act. 

III. (1824.) Political discussion : Benton's F/Vz^^, i. 32-34. 
Attitude of Middle and Western States. 

Clay on the "American system": Bcnton.'s Abridgment, vii. 709- 

711. 
Attitude of New England. 
Webster on the promotion of commerce : Benton's Abridgment, vii. 

712; Webster, 111. 94; Lodge's Webster, 156-165. 
Jackson's position : Sumner's fackson, 76. 

§ 2B0. (1824-182B.) Tariff of 1824.— Constitutional Question. 

Von Hoist's U. S. I. 400-403 ; Greeley's American Conflict, i. 
19-90; Lodge's Webster, 159-163, 169-171. 

1. Power of laying taxes. 

2. Power of regulating commerce. 

3. Power of acting for "the general welfare."" 

4. "Necessarv and j")roper" claims. 

§281. (1821-1824.) Election of 1824. 

Stanwood's Presidential Elections, 79-90 ; Sumnei-'s fackson, 
73-90; Morse's fohn ^lincv Adams. 149-170; Von Hoist's U. S. 11. 



Election 0/1824 {1822-1823). 119 

1-4; Schoukr's U. S. iii. 234-239, 262-270. 304-316; Gihnans 
Monroe, 155 ; Boitoiis Thirty Tears' Viezv. i. 44-45 ; Lodge's 

Webster, 144-146; Sargcnfs Public Men and Events, i. 35-43, 56- 
66 \ Wise's Seven Decades, 76-81. 

I. Elements. 

Personal followings and personal quarrels. 
Absence of great political issues. 
Absence of personal and party tradition. 

II. (1820-1824.) Candidates: Snmners Jackson, ^^-^^. 
1822-1824. Andrew Jackson. 

1822. John Quinc\' Adams. 

1820-1824. Henrv Clay. 

1820-1824. John C. Calhoun; Von Hoist's Calhoun, 53-61. 

1820-182 1. Clinton, Lowndes, and other minor candidates. 

1817-1824. William H. Crawford; Benton's Viezv, i. 35-36. 

1824. Feb. 14. Caucus nomination of Crawford and Gallatin. 

Ill- The Campaign. 
Plan tor election by distance. Benton's Viezv, i. 37-41. 
Unpopularit}' of the caucus. 
Attitude of the Albany Regency. 
Jackson's popularity in Pennsylvania. 
Withdrawal of Gallatin. 
Influence of the tariff question. 

VI. The Vote. 
Electoral Vote: Diagram ; Map: Seribner's Statistical Atlas. 

Plate. 
Popular Vote : Diagram ; Stanzvood's Presidential Election, 87-88. 

§282. (1824 1825.) Election of 1825. 

Morse's John ^lincv Adams, 169-177, 181-189 ; Stanzvood's 
Presidential Elections, 90-96; Sumner's Jackson, 90-99; Von 
Hoist's U. S. II. 5-9; Schoulers U. S. iii. 324-329; Lalor's Cyclo- 
paedia, 1. 808: Benton's Thirty Tears' Viezv, i. 46-50; Sargent's 
Public Men and Events, i. 67-79 '■> "^^^e's Seven Decades, 84-85. 

I. Election in the House. 
Intrigues and proposed bargains. 

1825. Jan. 8. Clav declares for Adams. 
Feb. 9. Adams elected : Map. 

II. Charge of "corrupt bargain" with Clay: Sumner's Jackson, 90- 
96; Morse's John ^i^uincv Adams, 181-189. 

I. The controversy. 
Jackson's acceptance of the result. 



Ele?nents of Adams' Administration {182^-182^). \'1() 

1825. Jan. 28. The Kremer letter: Stamvood's Presidential Elec- 
tions, 91 . 
1827. Mar. Jackson's charge : Buchanan's testimon\-. 
J. Q^ Adams' testimony. 
2. Etiect. 
Would such a bargain have been "corrupt"? 
Effect on Adams. — On Chi}-. 

III. Charge of ignoring ''the will of the people": Von I/olst's U.S. 

II. 7-10; Sumner''s "Jackson, 98-99: Benton'' s Thirty Tears'' Viczu, 
I. 46-49. 

Benton's "demos krateo" principle. 

Etiect of the limitations of the Constitution. 

The will of the people — how expressed. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QIJINCY ADAMS. 

1825-1829. 

§283. (1825-1829.) Adams' administration— Elements. 

JSIorse's John ^lincy Adams, 171-181, 205-209: Schoulers U. S. 

III. 293-295, 304-308, 336-346; Higginsov's U. S. 406-430: Ben- 
ton's Thirty Tears' Viezv. i. 54-55; Siioiv's Guide, 155-156: Sum- 
ner'' s Jackson, 108-111. Bibl. Toaster's References, 20-22; Short's 
Reference Lists, p. 74. 

Character of John Quincy Adams : Scho/fler's U. S. in. 397-410. 

Forms and ceremonies: Higginson's U. S. 422-427. 

Cal^^net. 

South American polic\'. 

Negotiations of commercial treaties. 

Policy of recommendin"' leo-islaticn. 

Internal improvements. 

Military expenditures. 

Retusal to make personal use of patronage. 

Randolph Clay Bill : Benton, i. 70-77. 

Foreifjn. 

Question of St. Lawrence navigation: Schuyler. 282-289. 

§ 284. (1822-1826.) Adams" administration— Panama Con- 
gress. 

Schoulers U. S. iii- 358-367 ; Wm llolsfs U. S. i. 409-412, 417- 
419, 423-432; Tuckej-'s JMonroc Doctrine. 23-36; Benton's Thirty 
Tears' Viezv, i. 65-69; Snozus Guide, 1 50-15 2 ; Lodges Webster, 
140-141 ; Sumner's Jackson, 106-108 : Sargent's Public Alen and 
Evefzts, I. 105, 115-117. Bibl. Outline, 118^-86, pp. 73-74. 



opposition to Adams {1823-1828). 121 

1822-1823. Informal invitation to join in an American Conoress. 
1825-1826. Nomination of special envoys. 
1826. Opposition in the House. 

1. Personal opposition to Adams. 

2. Hayti question. 

3. Cuba question. 

4. Constitutional question of diplomatic powers : Bcntoii's 
Abridgment, viii. 482-494, 534-551. 

May 4. Appropriation act: Statutes at Large, iv. 158. 
1826. June. Meeting at Panama : failure. 
1825-1826. Qiiestion of the construction of the Monroe Doctrine. 

§285. (1825-1829.) Adams' administration. — Organized op- 
position. 

Schoiiler's U. S. in. 416-419; Benton's Thirty liars' J7e7i', 1.37, 
78-87.91-93; Snozvs Guide, 157-159; i\lorse's yohn ^lincy Adams, 
189-194, 209-213: Sumner s yackson. 100-106, 113-114; Sargent's 
Public Alcii and Events, i. 106-114, 117-123, 132-135. 

On the election of 1825. 
Charge of corruption. 

Proposed Constitutional amendment on the election of president. 
Randolph : Adams' Randolph, 285-291. 

II. Panama mission, § 284. 

III. Patronacre : Morse's yohn ^uincv Adams, 197-205; Sum- 
n er's ya el-son. 1 11 - 1 1 3 . 

Mar. I. Benton's amendment against appointment ot mem- 
bers of Congress. 
1826. May 4. Report of the special Committee : Congressional 
Register, Appendix, 133-138. 
The six bills. 

IV. Expenditures. 

1828. Jan. 22. Chilton's resolution: Benton's Abridginent . ix. 
668, 675. 

§286. (1825-1829.) Adams' administration.— Creek contro- 
versy. 

Von Hoist's U. S. i. 433-448; Schouler's U. S. iii. 370-380; 



Creek Controversy {i82g-j82g). 122 

Siiiniicr's yacksoii, 176-178: I^odgc's Wchsici-, 141-143 ; Sargevfs 
Public Mcii and Events, \. 135-137; Snow's Guidc^ 159-160: Ben- 
ton's Thirty Tears' Vie-v, i. 58-64. Bibl. Outline, 1885-86, //. 
81-82. 

I. (1S02-1825.) First Creek controversy. 
1788-1802. Encroachments oi Georgia on Creek lands. 
1819-1821. Efforts to secure a treat}^ ot" removal. 
1825. Fraudulent treat}' of Indian Springs. 

Massacre of consenting chiefs. 

II. (1822-1826.) Question of the survey: Von Hoist's U. S. i. 435- 
443; Simmer's yackson, 176-178: Benton's Thirty Tears' Viezu, 
I. 58-60. 

1825. May 15. The United States forbids a survey, 

May-July. Defiant attitude of Georgia. 

July. Direct conflict of authority. 
i8?6. Jan. 24. Indian treaty of cession. 

in. (1827-1829.) Second Creek Controversy : Von Hoist's U. S. i. 
444-448. 
1827. Jan. The administration threatens to use lorce. 

Feb. 3. Adams' special message: indilTerence of Congress. 

Feb. Georo'ia militia called out. 

Authority of the United States denied. 

Mar. Congress declines to act. 

Nov. 15. Treaty for final cession. 
1829. Mar. 3. Jackson's talk with the Creeks. 

§287. (1789-1829) Internal Improvements. — Forms of Trans- 
portation. 

Hadley's Railroad Tra)isportation, 1-2, 24-33. 

I. Eoads. 

-1789. Badness of Colonial and European roads. 
1789-1830. Improvements in Europe : Macadam's sN'slem. 
1789-1861. Neglect in the United States. 

Turnpikes and plank roads. 
1801-1829. Aid of the government to road-building. 

II. Canals: Dunbar's Topics in Political Economy, iv. 18. 
1769-1830. Development in Europe. 

1775-1789. Schemes in America ; § 191. 
1811-1825. Erie Canal : Renzviek's Clinton. 



Internal Jiuprovcnieiits <yj82J-i82g) . 128 

1826-1842. Pennsylvania system. 
1828-1880. Maryland and Virginia svstem. 

Western system, 
1825-1829. Government aid to canals. 

III. River navigation : Dunbar'' s Tofics in Political Economy ^w. 

p. 20. 
1 780-1 789. Experiments. 
1793-1807. Fulton's S3'stem. 
1811-1829. Western steamboat system. 

IV. Ocean navigation. 

1780-1829. Increase ot commerce : Diagram. 
1817-1830. Sea going steamers. 
1 789-1822. Harbor improvements by the States. 
1822-1829. U. S. begins to make harbor improvements. 

V. Railroads. 

1828. Baltimore and Ohio projected. 
1828-185 1. No government aid to railroads. 

§ 288. (1823-1829.) Internal improvements.— Question of 

Expediency. 

Sclionler's U. S. iii. 295-296, 346-353, 35^-358' 445-44^; ^^'g-- 
ginsons U. S. 404-412 ; Morse's yo/in ^lincy Adams, 194-196, 
201-202; Sumnei'^s yackson, 108-111, 191-194; Lodge's Webster, 
137-138: Lalors Cyclopaedia, 11. 270; Sargent's Public Alen and 
Events, i. 97-100. Bibl. SJiorfs Reference Lists, f. 75 (No. 127). 

L (1815-1822.) Constitutional question : §236. 
1826. Suo't^estion of a constitutional amendment. 

II- 1822-1829- ) Question of coast improvement- 

1823. First harbor bill. 

Road to New Mexico : Benton, i. 41-44- 

III- (1825-1829- ) Question of general policy- 
1825. Subscription to canal siock. 

Were the resources of the States insufficient.^ 
Was there danger of the separation of the West? 
Should sectional interest be considered? 
Were local improvements for the "general welfare"'.'' 

IV- (1824-1829- ) Question of a general system- 

1824. Survey Act. 

1824-1829. General attitude ot" the sections. 

V- (1825-1829-) Amount appropriated : Biagratn. 



Tariff Question aud Parties {1824-182^). 124 

§289 (1824-1828.) Tariff of 1828. 

Von Hoist's U. S. i. 404-408, 459-463 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia^ 
III. 861-862 : Siimners yackson, 197-208 ; Lodge's Webster, 150- 
157, 1 65-171 ; Sc/ioiiler's U. S. iii. 420-428; Von Hoist'' s Calhoun^ 
66-76 ; Benton's Fliirtv Tears" Viezv. i. 95-102 ; Sargent's Public 
Men a)id Events, I. 146-150. Bibl. Taussig's Outline 0/ Political 
Eco]ioniy\ vi. p. 6; Blaine's Twenty ]7ars, i. 191-192 ; Greeley, 
1-9. 

1824. Tariff of 1834: § 279. 

1824-1828. Change of attitude of New England. 
1816-1828. Change of attitude of Calhoun and the South. 
1824-1828. Attitude of the West. 

1827. Jan. Mallan's woolens bill : Bis/iop's American Mantifac- 

tures, II. 314-315- 
July. Protection convention at Harrisburg. 
1826-1828. Threats of the South : Von Hoist's U. S. i. 401-406: 

Von Hoist's Calhoun, 70-74. 
1838. Q_i_iestion of economical policy : Gallatin's Memorial, see 
Taussig's ' ' On tlin e," p. 8 . 

Q^iestion of slave labor: Benton's Viezv, i. 98-99. 
Party question of putting the Adam's men into the attitude ot 

opposition to protection. 
Combination of Southern members and Northern Jackson 
men. 

1828. May 24. "The tariff of abominations." 

§290. (1826-1828.) Regrouping of parties. 

Snozu's Guide, 160-161 ; Lalors Cyclopaedia, i. 312; Sargenfs 
Public Men and Eaents, i. 138-140, 150-15 1. 

1. Administration i')arty : National Republicans, later Whigs. 

2. Opposition party : Democrats. 
1817-1828. "Buck-tails." 

3. Anti-Masonic party. 
1826. Morgan's revelations. 
1828. Disappearance of Morgan. 

1828. Mar. Organization of a New York Anti-Masonic party. 

§291. (1824 1829.) Election of 1832. 

Stanzvood's Presidential Elections, 96-101 ; Von Hoist's U. S. i. 



Close of A J. a //is' ^\di)ii)i,istratio>i {^j828-/82g) . 125 

459-460. II. 9-10; J/orsc's jto/i/j J^nnicv Adams, 213-216; Siiinner''s 
yacksoii, 114-118; Schoulcrs U. S. iii. 410-416, 428-440; Von 
Hoist's Calhoun, 62-66, Boitoii's Thirl y Years' View, i. 95-102, 
111-114; Sargent's Public ]\Ien and Events, i. 81-S9, 100-104, 137- 
138, 141-146, 151-152. 

I. The candidates. 

1825. Oct. Jackson nominated by the Tennessee legislature. 

1826. Dec. Van Buren's support secured. 
1825-1828. Adams the natural candidate of his party. 

II. The campaign. Webster, m. 228. 
Q^iestion of the use ot' patronage. 

Personal abuse of Adams : charges of extravagance. 
Qiiestion of the "vindication of Jackson." Von Holsfs Calhoun, 
62-6^. 

Q^iestion of the tariff. 

III. The Vote, 

1828. Popular vote : Diagram. 

1829. Electoral vote : 3Iap ; Diagram. 

§ 292. Review of John Quincy Adams' Administration. 

Schoulers U. S. in. 446-450; Snow's Guide, 161. 

Failure to carry out his policy. 

Rise of a factious opposition. 

Gradual development of party questions. ^ 

Dignified attitude on the civil service. 

REVIEW (1781-1S29). 

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL FEELING. 

§ 293. National Feeling. — What is a "nation?" 

Lalor's Cyclopaedia, 11. 724-730 or 930-934, or 923-930. 
Theory of geographic unity. 
Theory of unity of language. 
Theory of unity of race. 
Theory of unit}^ of institutions. 
Theory of unity of interest. 
Theory of unity of government. 



Rcviexv {i'/Si-i82i/). 126 

^293. (1750 1781.) National feeling.— Basis. 

Coinniunity of situation and institntions : §§ *25, *26. 27, 28. 
System of common dependence on^ Great Britain : §§ *29, *3o. 
Similarity of governaient and conditions of life : §§ 31, *32, 33. 
Revolutionary union: §§ *34, 35, 36, *37, *38. 
Joint independence: §§ *39, 40, *4i, 42, **43. 
Form of confederated union : §§ *44, 45, *a^6. 

§294. (1781-1829.) National feeling.— Discoiu-aging elements. 

Slavery: §§ 130, *i3i, *i32, **i33, *i34, 135, *i36, *i37, *i38, 
*i39, *T40, *246, *247, *248, 249, ^250, *257, *26i. 

Parties: §§ 141, 142, **i43, *i44, *i4S, *i46, *i47, *i48, *I73, 
*i74, 175, 176. 

State rights : §§ *9i, *i6i, *i62, *i63, 164, *i65, r66, 167, 168, 
,169, *i7o, *i94, *226, *227, *286. 

Conflicts between departments of the government: §§ 169, *i8i. 

Insurrections: §§ 156, 197, *I98, 199, 200. 

Sectional legislation: §§ **i6o, *2io. 211, *2i2, *2i3. 

§295. (1781-1829.) National feeling.— Geographic elements. 

America suited for the home of a great nation : §§ 25, *92, 93. 

Origin of national territory : §§ 49, *50, *5r. 

Eflect of the westward advance of settlement : §§ 95, *25o. 

Effect of annexation of territory : §§ 94, *i82, *i83, *i84, *i87, 239, 

*240, 241, *242, 243, *244, *245. 
Effect of the joint possession of territory: §§ 121, *i22, 123, 249 

250. 
Eflect of joint administration of territory : §§ *52, *53, **54, *i88, 

*I92. 

Effect of nearness to the South America States : § 284. 

§ 29S. (1781-1829..) National feeling.— Constitutional ele- 
ments. 

1787-1789. Nature of the Constitution: §§ *8i, *86, *87, 88, *89, 

90, *9i. 
1789-1801. Constitution put into eflect: §§ 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 

117' 135' 156- 
1789-1829. Political struggle over its meaning: §§ *ii8, *i28, 136. 



A'rv/c-c {/yS/-/82(^.) 127 

144, *i54, 160, *i63, 165, 166, 167, *i68, **i7o, 186, 

211, *226, *227, 213, *236. 

1780-1S29. Judicial interpretation : §§ 118, 181, 202, 205, 228, 
*262, 263, *264, *265, *266, *i6^. 

§297. (1781-1820.) National feeling.— Influence of foreign 
relations. 

1781-17S7. Impotence of the Confederation: §§ *70, *7i, *72. 
1789-1807. Effect of foreign aggressions : §§ *I49, 150, *i5i, *i52, 

*i53, *iS4, *i55, *i59i 171, *i8o, 207, **2o8. 
1807-1815. Resistance to foreign aggressions: §§ *209, 216, *2i7, 

*2i9, 220, *22i, 222, 223, 224, 225, *229, 230, 231, 

232. 
1815-1826. Qiiestion of Spanish America: §§ 268, 269, 270, *27i, 

272, *273, *274, 275, *276, *277, *278, *284. 

§293. (1781-1829) National feeling.— Political elements. 

1781-1787. Weakness of the Confederation : §§ *47, 48, 55, 56, 57, 

58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. 
1781-1787. Weakness of the States: §§ ""66, 67, 68, *6<). 
1781-1787. Feeling of the necessity of amendment: §§ *6^, *65, 

73' **74' 75' 76. 
1 787-1 789. Struggle for nationalization in the Conventions §§ *77, 

*78, *79, **8o, *8i, 82, 83, *84, *85, **86. 
1789. Uncertainit}^ as to the nature of the new Government: §§ 87, 

88, *89, 90, *9i, *93. 
1789-1801. Federal organization of the government: §§ *ioo, loi, 
102, *io3, *i04, *io5, 106, 117, 118, 119, 120, *i58, **i6o, 
172. 
1801-1812. Republican administration: §§ *i77, *i78, *i85, *i86, 

195, *i96, 214, *2i5. 
1794-1829. Power of self-protection : §§ 156, *i99, 201, *202, 203, 

204, *205, *2o6, *226, 228. 
1815-1829. Rise of new national issues: §§ 232, 238, *228, 281, 

*282, *283, *285, *290, *29i, 292. 
1819-1821. Missouri compromise: §§ *25i, *252, *253, **254, *255, 
256, 257, 258, 259, *26o, *26l. 



Revicnv {ryS/-i82g). 128 

§299. (1781-1829.) National feeling.— Economic elements. 

Variety of pursuits : §§ 97, 218. 

Improvement in means of transportation : §§ 97, 287. 

Growth of the West: §§ 96, 286. 

Carr3nng trade and commerce : §§ 97, *ii3, 114, 115, 207, 218, 

237- 
Improvement in finance : §§ *io7, *io8, *i09, *iio, *iii, *i79, 

*2i8, 233. 
System of a National Bank : §§ 124, 125, 126, *i27, **i28, *i29, 

*234- 
'American system" of protection : §§ *ii6, *235, *279, 280, *289. 
System of national improvements: §§ 190, 191, *i93, *236, *288. 
S3'Stem of public lands: §§ 53, 62, *i22, *i89. 

§ 300. (1781-1829.) National feeling.— Social Elements. 

Increase of population : §§ 26, 95, 218. 

Social organization and lite : §§ *26, 96. 

Immigration. 

Education. 

Intellectual dependence on Europe. 



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